This study explores trends in skincare products for pregnant women using text mining to analyze consumer preferences for safety and functionality. Data were collected from Naver blogs, cafes, and Facebook between September 2023 and August 2024 and processed using the Textom platform. Through text mining and semantic network analysis, 50 significant keywords were selected, and centrality measurements such as degree and eigenvector centrality were applied to assess keyword importance. CONCOR analysis categorized these keywords into structural equivalence groups, revealing key consumer priorities, including ingredient safety, moisturizing properties, and product recommendations. The findings highlight the growing demand for dual-purpose skincare products suitable for both pregnant women and infants, as well as the increasing influence of consumer reviews in product selection. Academically, this research underscores the effectiveness of text mining in understanding niche consumer markets. However, the study's reliance on specific online platforms presents a limitation, as it may not fully represent broader consumer preferences. Future research should incorporate diverse data sources and quantitative analyses to further validate product efficacy and consumer satisfaction.

This study aims to investigate the impact of topic familiarity and vocabulary learning tasks on vocabulary acquisition in an ESP (English for Specific Purposes) setting, focusing on 16 adult learners with varying proficiency levels (A1-B1), all training to be cooks. Participants worked with six cooking recipes, three on familiar topics and three on unfamiliar topics, with 30 target words assigned to one of three tasks: word list, flashcards, or fill-in-the-gaps. Immediate and delayed post-tests (three weeks later) were administered using the Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS). Despite the small sample size, significant differences in retention are noted across proficiency levels and task types over time. Results from repeated-measures ANOVAs showed that topic familiarity alone did not significantly impact vocabulary acquisition. However, the interaction between topic familiarity and task type was significant, as were the effects of task types and proficiency levels individually. The interaction between task type and proficiency level also showed a significant effect on vocabulary learning. Participants generally performed better with the fill-in-the-gaps method, but these effects decreased over time. The study highlights the importance of considering both proficiency levels and task types for effective vocabulary instruction.

In this study, we aimed to understand the effects of pest control on forest ecosystems by examining the populations of beetles, a bioindicator species, in pine wilt disease-affected areas. Density and diversity of beetles at the pest control (sites 1 and 2) and control (site 3) sites were compared. Site 1 contained 247 individuals of 11 species from 5 families, site 2 contained 461 individuals of 19 species from 9 families, and control site 3 contained 511 individuals of 19 species from 9 families. The following main species were collected from each site: 34 pine jewel beetles(Chalcophora japonica) in June, 23 red flat bark beetles(Synuchus cycloderus) in August, and 42 red flat bark beetles in September from site 1, 46 pine jewel beetles in June, 36 elegant beetles(Carabus jankowskii) in August, and 21 elegant beetles in September from site 2, and 31 red ground beetles(Coptolabrus smaragdinus) in June, 56 two-spotted dust beetles(Planetes puncticeps) in August, and 30 two-spotted dust beetles in September from site 3. Furthermore, diversity, evenness, and dominance indices were analyzed for all beetles collected from the pest control and control sites. Site 1 exhibited a diversity index of 0.706, evenness index of 0.711, and dominance index of 0.161. Site 2 exhibited a diversity index of 1.115, evenness index of 0.872, and dominance index of 0.097. Site 3 exhibited a diversity index of 1.101, evenness index of 0.861, and dominance index of 0.102. Similarity index was 47.4% between sites 1 and 2, 33.3% between sites 1 and 3, and 40.0% between sites 2 and 3.

This study seeks to explore how key restaurant attributes differently influence customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction across pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods, as well as across various economic segments. By employing impact asymmetry analysis (IAA), the research identifies the primary drivers of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction, examining their uneven on customer satisfaction in Korean restaurants. The findings underscore the non-linear and asymmetric nature of customer responses to various service attributes, highlighting the significant influence of economic factors and the pandemic on dining expectations and experiences. This research deepens our understanding of the factors shaping customer satisfaction dynamics, particularly in the context of the evolving post-pandemic restaurant industry.

This study investigates the factors influencing the seed longevity of Quercus myrsinifolia, a species with recalcitrant seeds highly sensitive to desiccation and freezing. The effects of moisture content, seed collection date, and storage methods on seed viability were analyzed using exponential decay modeling. Interactions between these factors were also explored to refine conservation strategies. Seeds with moisture content above 40% demonstrated a predicted seed longevity of 2.19 years, whereas those with moisture content below 30% had seed longevity of less than 1 year. Late-season seeds collected in November and December exhibited superior germination percentages and longer predicted seed longevity (1.32 years) compared to early-season seeds collected in September and October (<1 year). In seed weight, large seeds (2.0 g) showed longer predicted seed longevity about 1.5 times greater than that of small seeds (<1.2g). Storage methods significantly affected seed longevity, with refrigerator (4°C) with silica gel maintaining viability for 2–3 years, while seeds stored at room temperature (25°C) exhibited a seed longevity of less than 1 year. Silica gel was found to prevent seed deterioration due to over-desiccation, emphasizing the importance of balanced moisture regulation. Q. myrsinifolia seeds exhibited 𝑏 values ranging from 0.30 to 2.04, demonstrating a close relationship between decay constant, moisture content, storage conditions, and seed longevity. These findings provide critical insights into optimizing seed storage and propagation strategies for Q. myrsinifolia, contributing to its conservation and ecological restoration efforts.

본 연구는 신생 벤처 기업의 수출 과정에서 벤처 기업가의 인식(i.e., 인식된 경쟁)과 편향(i.e., 기업가적 경쟁 낙관주의)이 어떤 역할을 하는지 이해하고자 한다. 우리는 신생 벤처 기업이 자국 내에서 높은 경쟁을 인식할수록 이를 회피하기 위해 해외 시장으로 진출할 가능성이 높아질 것이 며, 이 과정에서 자국 내에서 자신들의 경쟁적 위치를 얼마나 낙관적으로 인지하는지가 중요한 영 향을 미친다고 가정한다. 26개 전환 경제국을 대상으로 한 실증 분석의 결과는 우리의 아이디어를 뒷받침한다. 구체적으로, 자국 내에서 높은 경쟁을 인식하는 신생 벤처 기업은 경쟁을 회피하기 위 해 수출을 확대하는 경향이 있었다. 반면, 자국 내에서 기업가적 경쟁 낙관주의를 가진 신생 벤처 기업은 수출을 줄이는 경향을 보였다. 마지막으로, 기업가적 경쟁 낙관주의는 인식된 경쟁과 수출 간의 관계를 약화시키는 조절 변수로 작용하는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 프랑스와 영국의 탈식민주의 방법론을 비교하며, 유럽중심 주의, 재현(representation), 지식 생산에 대한 접근 방식을 살펴보았다. 문헌분석과 비교방법론을 사용하여, 존재론적이고 마르크스주의적 전통 에 뿌리를 둔 프랑스의 사유가 체계적인 비판을 강조하는 방식, 특히 에 메 세제르(Aime Cesaire)와 프란츠 파농(Frantz Fanon) 등의 탈식민화 와 저항을 조망하였으며, 에드워드 사이드(Edward Said), 가야트리 스피 박(Gayatri Spivak), 호미 바바(Homi Bhabha) 등의 이론을 통해 문화 연구, 페미니즘 이론, 탈구조주의에 영향을 받은 영국의 포스트식민주의 이론이 상징적이고 교차적인 역학, 재현과 ‘하위’로 분류되는 사람들의 주변화에 중점을 두는 관점을 탐구하였다. 연구 결과 양국 이론의 전통 이 가진 강점과 한계를 알 수 있었으며, 프랑스의 접근은 구조적 식민주 의를 비판하는 데 중점을 두지만 영국의 접근은 상징적이고 재현적인 메 커니즘을 해체하는 데 초점을 맞추고 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 이러한 관 점들의 통합을 통해 이 연구는 탈식민주의에 대한 전체론적 비판을 위한 융합적 틀을 제시하며, 탈식민지 연구가 지식의 탈식민화와 주변화된 목 소리의 증폭이라는 사명을 진전시킬 수 있음을 제언하였다. 특히, 이 두 전통의 융합이 식민주의가 남긴 물질적·상징적 억압을 통합적으로 이해 하는 데 기여할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 이러한 전체적 접근이 단순히 과거의 식민지 경험을 분석하는 것을 넘어, 디콜로니얼을 향한 탈식민시대와 미래의 지식 체계와 학문적 실천을 재구성하는 데 중요한 학문적 함의를 가진다.

We present the combined 2.5–30 μm spectra of four protostars acquired with the infrared camera and the infrared spectrograph on board the AKARI and Spitzer space telescopes, respectively. To analyze the ice absorption features in the 8–22 μm, we first performed a continuum determination process on mid-infrared spectra and applied a method to subtract the silicate absorption. We conducted a global fitting process to the absorption features in the combined infrared spectra using the experimental ice absorbance data to identify the intrinsic absorption of each ice component. We first derived the H2O ice column densities of both stretch and libration modes at 3.05 μm and 13.6 μm simultaneously. We also identified the absorption features containing NH3, CH3OH, CO2, and CO and decomposed their mixed components and compared their ice abundances at different evolutionary stages of the protostars. We explored possible absorptions of the organic ice species such as HCOOH, CH3CHO, and CH3CH2OH in the mid-infrared ranges. The ice analysis method developed in this study can be applied to the ice spectra obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope.

This study analyzes the visual image effects regarding the design changes of sleeves and shoulders on plus-size women in their 20s and 30s to propose ideas for plus-size women’s clothing production and design. Based on a plus-size women’s basic raglan sleeve shirt, six types of raglan sleeve shirts with various design elements were developed using a 3D virtual imaging program to analyze the visual image effect of each pattern’s features. The results showed that the A-shaped sleeve silhouette, exemplified by Pattern A2, makes the upper body look longer and slimmer as a whole. It also conveyed a sense of refinement and attractiveness, displaying positive effects regarding body shape and aesthetic perception. Meanwhile, O-shaped silhouettes, such as Pattern B1 and Pattern B2, showed positive effects regarding comfort and mobility, while Y-shaped silhouettes, such as Pattern C1 and Pattern C2, created a visually confident appearance. Furthermore, the research examined the effects of static images and dynamic videos on evaluation outcomes. The results showed that dynamic images enhanced immersion and vibrancy, thereby increasing focus on the apparel evaluated. The results of the visual image evaluation can be used as a basis for designing not only raglan sleeves but also overall sleeve shapes.

Photometric and spectroscopic observations of GV Leo were performed from 2017 to 2024. The light curves show a flat bottom at the primary eclipse and the conventional O’Connell effect. The echelle spectra reveal that the effective temperature and rotation velocity of the more massive secondary are Teff,2 = 5220 ± 120 K and v2 sin i = 223 ± 40 kms−1, respectively. Our binary modeling indicates that the program target is a W-subclass contact binary with a mass ratio of q = 5.48, an inclination angle of i = 81.◦68, a temperature difference of (Teff,1 − Teff,2) = 154 K, and a filling factor of f = 36%. The light asymmetries were reasonably modeled by a dark starspot on the secondary’s photosphere. Including our 26 minimum epochs, 84 times of minimum light were used to investigate the orbital period of the system. We found that the eclipse times of GV Leo have varied by a sinusoid with a period of 14.9 years and a semi-amplitude of 0.0076 days superimposed on a downward parabola. The periodic modulation is interpreted as a light time effect produced by an unseen outer tertiary with a minimum mass of 0.26 M⊙, while the parabolic component is thought to be a combination of mass transfer (secondary to primary) and angular momentum loss driven by magnetic braking. The circumbinary tertiary would have caused the eclipsing pair of GV Leo to evolve into its current short-period contact state by removing angular momentum from the primordial widish binary.

온실 내부 환경은 지역에 따라 외부 환경의 영향을 지속적으로 받는다. 본 연구는 몽골, UAE(아부다비), 호 주(퀸슬란드) 등 지역별로 구축된 한국형 스마트 온실의 환경 특성을 비교하고자 수행하였다. 몽골과 아부다비의 온실 모두 내외부 엔탈피 차이가 감소함에 따라 환기율이 증가하였다. 아부다비의 반밀폐형 온실에서는 10시부터 14시까지 평균 내부 기온이 외부 기온보다 약 7－10°C 낮았고 내부 VPD(12mbar)는 외부 VPD(56mbar)보다 4.6 배 낮았는데 이 결과는 포그 시스템 운영과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. 퀸즐랜드 온실의 경우, 내부 온도가 외부 온 도보다 11시 기준 약 3.81°C 높았고, 내부 엔탈피와 VPD가 외부 온도보다 높았으며, 내부와 외부의 엔탈피 차이가 증가함에 따라 환기율이 증가하였다. 이 결과로 엔탈피를 낮추는 것은 환기와, VPD를 낮추는 것은 포그 시스템 작 동과 관련이 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한, 작물 생육에 적합한 환경 조건을 효과적으로 관리하기 위해 엔탈피와 VPD 기반의 포그, 환기 또는 난방 시스템이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있다.

This study is a continuation of previous research (Bae & Kim, 2024) that identified ways to improve the fit of commercially available domestic and international leotards for women in their 30–40s through a survey and evaluation of wearing conditions. The previous study revealed that women in this age group struggle to find well-fitting leotards, despite knowing their body measurements. This issue arises because most apparel industries produce garments for women in their 20s, and grading differences do not sufficiently address the increases in bust, waist, and abdominal girth typical of women in their 30s and 40s. Therefore, this study developed leotard patterns that improve fit and comfort based on the physical characteristics of women in their 30s and 40s. Body surface data of the participants were collected using 3D body scanning technology, forming the basis for pattern design. Experimental garments were created to evaluate compression and determine the suitable pattern reduction rate based on material elasticity. Thus, a pattern reduction rate that offers suitable wearing comfort was proposed. Leotard patterns were developed from experimental results in the most popular styles: camisole and sleeved types. The final leotard patterns were presented after synthesizing results from wearers’ evaluations, compression assessments, and expert appearance evaluations. The final leotards were deemed appropriate for women in their 30s and 40s, demonstrating improvements in comfort, movement stability, compression, and appearance.

This paper introduces a simple and reliable photometric calibration method to extract Hα line flux from narrowband images. The equivalent width of the Hα line (EWHα) is derived using two- and simplified three-filter methods. Synthetic photometry of CALSPEC stars demonstrates the dependency of EWHα on the V − R color, described by a skewed Gaussian function within −0.1 < V − R < 0.7. Systematic errors of the two- and three-filter methods are analyzed under 0%–10% R-band flux contamination. Although the three-filter method underestimates EWHα by 10%, it exhibits less scatter compared to the two-filter method. The simplified three-filter method was validated with the Landolt SA 107 field and surpasses the two-filter method in terms of precision and accuracy. Additionally, applying our method to V960 Mon yields EWHα consistent with high-resolution spectroscopic results.

In this study, we examine the relationships between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) space weather scale frequencies and the maximum monthly sunspot number in each solar cycle: 1975 to 2020 for radio blackouts (R scales) and solar radiation storms (S scales), 1932 to 2020 for geomagnetic storms (G scales). Our main results are as follows. First, we find that NOAA space weather scale frequencies have strong solar cycle dependencies. Second, we propose new linear relationships between the frequency of certain scales (R1 to R4, and G1 to G4) and the maximum monthly sunspot number. T-test results show that R1 to R3 and G1 to G4 relationships are statistically meaningful, but marginal for R4. Third, our results significantly reduce the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between observed and suggested frequencies compared to the NOAA’s current frequencies. For example, in the case of solar cycle 24, our new prediction (74) for R3 scale is much more consistent with the observational frequency (74) than the NOAA prediction (175), and our prediction (85) for G3 scale is much closer to the observation (40) than the NOAA prediction (200). Our work may provide a useful guideline for advancing the space weather scales.

This study analyzes the participants’ purchasing and wearing conditions of Jiu-Jitsu uniforms, identifying issues with current designs and proposing improvements. Data were collected from 160 participants through an online survey from April 15 to May 20, 2024. Frequency, cross-tabulation analyses, and one-way ANOVA were performed using SPSS 29.0. The survey included questions related to participants’ general information, uniform purchasing behavior, satisfaction with Jiu-Jitsu uniforms, preferred brands, and sizing, and fit satisfaction. The results revealed that most male participants were in their 30s, while female participants were in their 20s. A higher proportion of males were overweight, while females were likelier to have a normal BMI. Participants generally owned 3–6 uniforms, most purchases in the 160,000–200,000 KRW price range. International brands were preferred, and participants selected uniforms based on fit, quality, and design. The most common sizes were A1 and A1L, with overweight and obese participants tending to opt for additional size options. Key improvement areas included pants length and waist width. The findings highlight the need for unisex pattern designs for individuals in the B range (160–170cm) and patterns specifically designed for overweight males in the C range (170–180cm). This study provides valuable insights into Jiu-Jitsu uniform preferences and body typespecific requirements, offering foundational data for enhancing uniform design and functionality.

Galaxy evolution studies require the measurement of the physical properties of galaxies at different redshifts. In this work, we build supervised machine learning models to predict the redshift and physical properties (gas-phase metallicity, stellar mass, and star formation rate) of star-forming galaxies from the broad-band and medium-band photometry covering optical to near-infrared wavelengths, and present an evaluation of the model performance. Using 55 magnitudes and colors as input features, the optimized model can predict the galaxy redshift with an accuracy of σ(Δz/1+z) = 0.008 for a redshift range of z < 0.4. The gas-phase metallicity [12 + log(O/H)], stellar mass [log(Mstar)], and star formation rate [log(SFR)] can be predicted with the accuracies of σNMAD = 0.081, 0.068, and 0.19 dex, respectively. When magnitude errors are included, the scatter in the predicted values increases, and the range of predicted values decreases, leading to biased predictions. Near-infrared magnitudes and colors (H, K, and H −K), along with optical colors in the blue wavelengths (m425–m450), are found to play important roles in the parameter prediction. Additionally, the number of input features is critical for ensuring good performance of the machine learning model. These results align with the underlying scaling relations between physical parameters for star-forming galaxies, demonstrating the potential of using medium-band surveys to study galaxy scaling relations with large sample of galaxies.

국내 수박(Citrullus lanatus) 품종의 발아율에 대한 Solid Matrix Priming(SMP)의 영향을 평가하였다. Micro cel-E가 SMP 처리에 가장 이상적인 matrix로 밝혀졌으며, 종자:matix:물의 비율은 10:5:10(w/w/w)로, 25°C 에서 3일 동안 처리했을 때 유근의 돌출없이 발아속도가 촉진되었다. SMP 처리 과정 동안 초기 4시간 동안의 수분 흡수율은 급격하게 증가했으며, 이후 72시간 동안은 더 느린 속도로 흡수되었고, 처리 마지막 시간까지 수분 흡수 율은 41%이었다. 발아 온도와 상관없이, SMP 처리된 종자는 발아 시간이 단축되면서 발아율이 향상되었다. 특히, 최적 발아 온도보다 낮은 온도에서 발아율이 높았다. 품종별 차이는 있었으나, 특히 ‘해찬꿀’과 ‘리코스위트’ 품종 에서 발아율이 유의미하게 증가하였다. 또한 일부 품종에서 SMP 처리 종자의 유묘출현율과 초장, 생체중이 무처 리에 비하여 증가한 값을 보였으며, SMP 처리로 종자의 발아속도 및 유묘활력을 증진시켜 우량 묘 확보가 가능한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study aims to examine how the marketing characteristics of Wanghong (Chinese internet influencers) influence Chinese consumer attitudes and purchase intentions toward fashion products. Specifically, it investigates how the factors of expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness play a critical role in shaping consumer behavior in the digital marketing landscape. The study employed a survey-based quantitative approach, collecting data from 272 Chinese consumers engaging regularly with Wanghong marketing content. A structured questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale was developed, incorporating validated measurement items from previous studies. The collected data were then analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that while expertise negatively influences consumer attitudes, trustworthiness and attractiveness have a positive impact. Furthermore, trustworthiness and attractiveness were found to significantly enhance purchase intention, while expertise was found to have no significant effect. Additionally, the findings showed that consumer attitudes toward Wanghong-mediated marketing play a mediating role in the relationship between Wanghong characteristics and purchase intention, with the results suggesting that consumers perceive highly knowledgeable Wanghong as distant or overly commercial, reducing their willingness to engage. In contrast, Wanghong who exhibit trustworthiness and personal appeal are more effective in driving consumer interest and purchases. These findings provide valuable insights for fashion brands aiming to optimize influencer marketing strategies in China, emphasizing the importance of relationship-driven and authenticity-focused marketing.

Women in their 50s undergo significant changes to their bodies, including weight gain and rapid increases in body mass index (BMI) due to menopause. This study aimed to develop a basic bodice pattern suitable for women with a “square” body type, which is the most common type among Korean women in their 50s. We used a body shape avatar representative of square-body-type women in their 50s, provided by 6th Size Korea (KATS, 2010) as the model. This avatar was loaded into a virtual fitting program to evaluate the fit of the research pattern. The results of the study were as follows. Using the 3D virtual fitting program, the ideal bodice pattern was found to be close-fitting, based on an analysis of the body surface of women in their 50s with a square body type. This population’s characteristic body features included a rounded back, forward-protruding waist, forward-tilted neck, and shoulder tips angled toward the center-front. Because of the protruding abdomen, the bodice’s waist dart value was lower than average. The base bodice design for this body type was adapted from the research pattern of Jun and Jang (2024). Adjustments for this study included adding 0.5 cm to the center-back length and designing the profile line from the back neckline to the armpit wall. Further, the front bodice waist dart was omitted to accommodate the protruding abdomen. After two rounds of revisions, evaluations of the virtual fitting significantly improved, with scores increasing from 2.38 out of 5 to 4.82 out of 5.

Being in a stable continental region (SCR) with a limited history of instrumentation, South Korea has not collected sufficient instrumental data for data-driven ground motion models. To address this limitation, we investigated the suitability of the hybrid ground motion simulation method that Graves and Pitarka (2010, 2015) proposed for simulating earthquake ground motions in South Korea. The hybrid ground motion simulation method used in this study relies on region-specific parameters to accurately model phenomena associated with the seismic source and the wave propagation. We initially employed relevant models and parameters available in the literature as a practical approach. We incorporated a three-dimensional velocity model developed by Kim et al. (2017) and a one-dimensional velocity model presented by Kim et al. (2011) to account for the crustal velocity structure of the Korean peninsula. To represent the earthquake source, we utilized Graves and Pitarka’s rupture generator algorithm along with a magnitude-area scaling relationship developed for SCR by Leonard (2014). Additionally, we assumed the stress and attenuation parameters based on studies of regional seismicity. Using the implemented platform, we simulated the 2016 Mw5.57 Gyeongju earthquake and the 2017 Mw5.4 Pohang earthquake. Subsequently, we compared results with recorded accelerations and an empirical ground motion prediction equation at strong motion stations. Our simulations had an overall satisfactory agreement with the recorded ground motions and demonstrated the potential of broadband hybrid ground motion simulation for engineering applications in South Korea. However, limitations remain, such as the underestimation of long-period ground motions during the 2017 Pohang earthquake and the lack of a model to predict the ground motion amplification associated with the near-surface site response accurately. These limitations underscore the importance of careful validation and refinement of region-specific models and parameters for practically implementing the simulation method.