This study identifies and compares science content standards that are approved by departments of education in six states: California, Connecticut, Michigan, New Jersey, Texas, and Virginia. Specifically, the study examines the goals/visions, the organizing/progression principles, the strands of science content, and earth science content found in the states curriculum standards compared to National Science Education Standards. Although many states followed the recommendations of NSES or Project 2061, the format and content of the state science standards reviewed are very diverse. The diversity seems to reflect the diverse perspectives and needs of the states. The results of this study provide Korean educators and teachers with useful models or examples to incorporate Korean national science curriculum guides into the science curriculum frameworks of their regions or schools.

Fossil legumes of Albizia miokalkora Hu et Chaney (Mimosoideae) were found in the Miocene Duho Formation of the Yeonil Group distributed along the coast of Yeonil Bay in the Pohang area. The legume is flat and long and has 5-7 rounded seeds. The legumes of Albizia miokalkora are rare in the Cenozoic floras of the world and only known to Middle Miocene of East Asia. The fossil Albizia may use one of the important taxa to construct the biogeographic history of East Asia. This discovery is the first record of Albizia from the Neogene strata of Korea.

Five species of graptolites were discovered from the Jigunsan Shale of Taebaeg area, Korea. They are herein described as Archiclimacograptus riddellensis (Harris, 1924), Pseudamplexograptus distichus(Eichwald, 1840), Hustedograptus teretiusculus(Hisinger) sensu Jaanusson, 1960, Hustedograptus vikarbyensis (Jaanusson, 1960), and Hustedograptus sp. The graptolite assemblage from the Jigunsan Shale corresponds to those of the Pseudamplexograptus distichus zone in the Baltic and German areas and the geologic age of graptolites bearing beds of the Jigunsan Shale might be late Middle Llanvirn.

Walking loads are influenced by various parameters so that they need to be measured considering such parameters. Walking frequency(rate) is experimentally investigated as the most important parameter in determining the walking load expressed with dynamic load factor. This study focuses on the derivation of continuous walking load-time functions at any walking frequency ranging from 1.30Hz to 2.70Hz. Experiments were conducted to obtain time-histories of walking loads at the increment of 0.1Hz, which are decomposed into harmonic loads by the Fourier transformation. The polynomial load-time functions are proposed representing the relationship between harmonic coefficients and walking frequencies, thereby easily formulating walking load-time histories for dynamic load factor with various walking frequencies.

Walking loads are usually considered as nodal loads in the finite element vibration analysis of structures subjected to walking loads. Since most of the walking loads act on elements not nodes, the walking loads applied on the elements should be converted to the equivalent nodal walking loads. This paper begins with measuring walking loads by using a force plate equipped with load cells and investigates the characteristics of the walking loads with various walking rates. It is found that the walking loads are more affected by walking rates than other parameters such as pedestrian weight, type of footwear, surface condition of floor etc. The measured walking loads are used as input loads for a finite element model of walking induced vibration. Finally, this paper proposes the equivalent nodal walking loads that are converted from the walking loads acting on elements based on finite element shape functions. And the proposed equivalent walking loads are proved to be applicable for efficient analysis of floor vibration induced by walking loads.

이 논문은 거시경제변수가 유럽, 호주, 한국의 주식시장 변동성에서 시간에 따른 변화(Time Variation)를 설명할 수 있는지에 관하여 조사하는데에 목적을 두고 있다. 그리고 이 논문은 미국에서 발표된 논문들의 결과와 달리 많은 경우에서 주식시장 변동성의 시간에 따른 변화가 과거의 화폐적 또는 실물적 거시경제 요소의 변화 가능성에서 통계적으로 유의하게 영향을 받는 지를 알 수 있었다. 따라서 자본 및 포트폴리오 배분에 대한 중요한 의미를 가지고 있다. 한국의 경우 경제회복에 따라 통화와 산업생산의 변동성 증가가 이뤄지면 주식시장의 성장에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다. G7국가중에서 상대적으로 소규모국가인 이태리와 네덜란드에서도 위에서와 같은 결과들을 발견할 수 있었다. 한편 한국에서 특이한 점은 경제회복 이후에는 산업생산증가율의 증가가 통화량의 증가보다 더 주식시장에 중요한 영향을 줄 것 임을 알 수 있다.

Supply chains for agricultural commodities with their various constraints such as production lead time, seasonal production, and methods of storage are limited in the extent to which techniques like Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management can be applied. It is beyond the ability of producers to control harvest time and many agricultural products are perishable so that they can incur exceptional losses in storage if they are not handled correctly. This is a source of additional costs and inefficiency in supply chain management. The purpose of this study is to reduce or eliminate such sources of loss and inefficiency and to identify success factors for the JIT inventory management system where it can be applied for agricultural products. Where ]IT techniques can be applied in supply chain management for agricultural products, costs such as transportation, inventory, and storage losses can be reduced with concurrent increases in efficiency. In the paper, some of the problems associated with applying ]IT inventory control methods in supply chain management for agricultural commodities will be reported through a series of case studies.

The concept of 'the lunar and planetary phases' is very difficult to understand and students may have various misconceptions on this concept. A module drawing the lunar and planetary phases was developed with the application of the simplifying conditions method. The effects of instruction using the module drawing the lunar and planetary phases on the conceptual change and the achievement was investigated in the consideration of learners' characteristics (spatial perception ability, science inquiry ability, required pre-requested learning ability). Findings were as follows: 1) This module was effective for learners' conceptual change and achievement, 2) This module had a positive influence for development the learners' characteristics and conceptual change with the middle level of science inquiry ability, the middle and low level of required pre-requisite learning ability, and middle level of the spatial perception ability.

This study was designed to determine whether visitor behavior at science museums differs across various exhibit styles and between Family and Non Family groups. Eight exhibits in the natural history sections of the national science museum located in Daejeon were identified to have distinctive characteristics and styles. At each selected exhibit, visitor behavior was observed for an hour. An average of eighty people stopped by each exhibit. Descriptive analyses of visitors behaviors showed that: 1) families spent more time than non-family visitors; 2) families paid more attention to exhibits, for instance, they talked and commented about the exhibits; 3) exhibit characteristics related to holding power and attention span; 4) families more frequently visited exhibits related to school curriculum rather than ones that looked attractive, fun or novel. Visitors did not play with sensory simulation types of exhibits as much as expected. This implicates that exhibit style does not guarantee long visitors holding time and attracting power. Non-significant results are explained in terms of environmental and exhibit-related factors. Several potential factors including visitor factors, setting factors, and exhibit factors are discussed and explored with topics proposed for future study.

강원도 영월 화병 지역의 문곡층 상부에서 4속 5종의 필석 화석을 Dendrograptus sp., Callograptus curvithecalis Mu 1955, Adelograptus tenellus Linnarsson, 1871, Adelograptus sp. 그리고 Psigraptus jacksoni Rickards and Stait, 1984로 분류하여 기재하였다. 이들의 대부분은 한국에서 두 번째 보고되는 것이며 특히, Psigraptus는 캐나다 유콘(Yukon), 오스트레일리아의 빅토리아(Vctoria)와 태스메니아(Tasmania), 중국의 질린과(Jilin) 허베이(Hebei)에 이어 세계에서 6번째 보고이다. 문곡층 상부에서 산출된 화석에 의해 Adelograptus대, Callograptus-Dendrograptus대 및 Psigraptus대로 세 개의 필석 생물대가 인지된다. 이들 필석 생물대는 오스트레일리아 란스필드 지역에 분포하는 란스 필드층(Lancefield Formation)의 La 1.5대와 캐나다 유콘 지역의 로드리버층 (Road River Formation)의 Psigraptus대 및 북중국 질린 지역의 엘리층(Yehli Formation)의 Psigraptus대와 대비된다. 화병 지역에 분포한 문곡층 상부에서 산출되는 필석 화석은 이 층의 상부가 후기 트레마독(Tremadoc)의 초기임을 지시한다.