The present study is aimed at determining how teaching and learning in Japanese translation/interpretation classes are linked to the modality relationships among hearsay markers, which are schematized after dividing the difference of pragmatics in the three following relationships: information and speaker, information and listener, and speaker and listener. Information about seven Japanese hearsay markers was collected through a questionnaire over native Japanese speakers. The findings revealed that people, first, chose [youda] and [toiukotoda] usually as the hearsay expressions, considering the relationship between information and speaker. Second, people divided [tonokotoda] into two relationships between information and speaker, or between information and listener. The responses about [souda] were split considering the relationship between information and speaker and speaker and listener. [Rashi] and [toka] were chosen the most, considering the relationship between information and listener, and there was a relatively large number of [toiu(utte)].

고 에너지 X선을 이용하는 응용에서 다층박막 거울은 매우 유용하다. 고 에너지 X선은 매우 짧은 다층박막 두께주 기를 요구한다. 두께주기가 수 나노미터로 매우 짧기 때문에 다층박막을 형성하는 층들은 서로 계면 거칠기나 상호확 산에 영향을 준다. 3.25nm의 두께주기를 갖는 C/W 다층박막 거울에서 1nm의 탄소 층의 특성을 살펴보았다. 탄소의 두께가 1nm로 매우 얇아도 텅스텐과 탄소의 층들은 매우 균일하게 증착되었으며, 탄소층은 미세구조가 없는 미정질 구조를 보였다. 투과전자현미경의 회절 영상을 통해서 텅스텐과 탄소의 상호확산이 발생했다는 것을 알수있었다.