The present study aims to investigate how well Google Voice Actions, an automatic speech recognition system, recognizes Korean young English learners’ pronunciation of English words. To achieve this aim, the current study arranged for 18 Korean elementary school students to pronounce 219 English words and recorded their pronunciation. Then, the intelligibility of their pronunciation was measured using Google Voice Actions. The current study analyzed the measured intelligibility of Google Voice Actions in terms of the phonemic difficulty and familiarity the learners have with the words. The phonemic difficulty of each word was labelled as Group 1 to 5, depending on the number of difficult phonemic elements it contains. The familiarity of each word was also measured through a questionnaire. The findings revealed that the accuracy in Google Voice Actions’ recognition was closely related to the students’the phonemic difficulties and familiarity of the words. Interestingly, the pronunciation of words in Group 5 gained the highest recognition scores and that of Group 1 the second highest scores. Those of Group 2, 3, and 4 recorded lower recognition scores than the two groups. These results suggest that the more phonemic information the pronunciation of a word provides, the more relevant clues would be available for Google Voice Actions. This increases the possibility of successful search from the speech database.

In the literature of the interface between lexical semantics and syntax, the syntactic realization of argument structure has drawn the most serious attention of researchers like Jackendoff (1990), Levin and Hovav (1998), Pustejovsky (1991, 1995), Croft (1998). Ritter and Rosen (1998. 2000), and many others. They share the idea that the syntactic structure of a verb develops from the information of the semantic structure or event structure of the verb. The current paper also deals with the most frequently analyzed topics of causative-inchoative alternation and location-locatum alternation. However, differently from most previous analyses in the literature, by looking deeper into the subevents instead of referring to the event structure as whole, the current paper pursuits a better analysis of the above phenomena. To this purpose, a new hybrid framework is made out of Jackendoffs (1990)`s ways of representing `conceptual structures` and linking algorithm, and Pustejovsky`s (1995) way of` using "Event Headedness", which marks cognitively more prominent subevents. Not only can the current hybrid framework provide better explanations for frame alternations, but also for the incongruity in cancellability of the achievement effect of causative verbs like break, kill, tear, wash etc. in the past form by the ensuing negation clause between English and languages like Korean. Japanese. and Tamil. What all the accounts of these phenomena share in common is to make reference to the notion of Event Headedness. Therefore, Event Headedness has grammatical reality.