In this study, the removal efficiency of PFCs(perfluorinated compounds) in the GAC(granule activated carbon) process based on the superheated steam automatic regeneration system was investigated in laboratory scale and pilot-scale reactor. Among PFCs, PFHxS(perfluorohexyl sulfonate) was most effectively removed. The removal efficiency of PFCs was found to be closely related to the EBCT, and the removal efficiencies of PFOA(perfluorooctanoic acid), PFOS(perfluorooctyl sulfonate), and PFHxS were 43.7, 75, and 100%, respectively, under the condition of EBCT of 6 min. Afterward, PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS exhibited the earlier breakthrough time in the order. After that, GAC was regenerated, and the removal efficiency of the PFCs before and after regeneration was compared. As a result, it was shown that the PFCs removal efficiency in the regenerated GAC process were higher, and that of PFOA was improved to 75%. The findings of this study indicate the feasibility of the superheated steam automatic regeneration system for the stable removal of the PFCs, and it was verified that this technology can be applied stably enough even in field conditions.

본 연구는 다양한 식재료가 섞여있는 식품으로부터 노로바이러스를 효과적으로 검출하기 위한 시험법 개발에 관한 것이다. 각 식품이 가진 매트릭스가 매우 다르므로 모든 식품에 공통적으로 적용할 수 있는 표준화된 검출법이 현재로서는 없다. 본 연구에서는 발효식품(농후발효유,된장), 절임식품(깻잎장아찌, 단무지)과 생식제품을 대상으로 실험을 진행하였다. PBS, beef extract, 아미노산-NaCl 용액 등을 이용하여 바이러스에 오염된 대상식품들로 부터 바이러스의 탈리율을 비교하였다. 이로부터 다양한 매트릭스가 혼합된 식품들에 적용 가능한 탈리용액을 선별하였다. 식품의약품안전처가 제안하여 현재 국내에서 굴, 야채, 과일 등을 대상으로 바이러스 농축에 널리 사용되고 있는 식중독 바이러스 검출법인 EPCP공정(탈리-PEG 침전-클로르포름 처리-PEG 침전)과 PEG 침전과정을 한번으로 줄인 수정된 ECP공정(탈리-클로르포름 처리-PEG침전)의 효능을 비교해 본 결과 ECP공정은 EPCP공정과 비슷하거나 나은 효율로 바이러스를 농축할 수 있었다. 또 바이러스 농축 후 QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini kit를 이용하여 RNA를 추출할 경우 식품에 존재하는 RT-PCR방해 물질들이 효과적으로 제거되어 추가적인 처리가 더 필요하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 수정된 공정을 이용하여 무를 추가한 6가지 식품을 대상으로 검출한계를 조사해 본 바 10-25 g 식품으로부터 3.125-12.5 RT-PCR unit까지 검출이 가능하였다. 이는 기존에 보고된 방법들의 검출한계보다 더 우수한 것으로 장차 다양한 식품을 대상으로 효과적인 바이러스 검출이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

RAPD 분석은 한 개의 primer를 이용하여 임의의 DNA조각을 증폭하는 것이다. 이 때 만들어지는 여러 형태의 DNA band유형을 이용하여 살모넬라를 분류할 수 있다. 살모넬라를 효과적으로 RAPD typing할 수 있는 sprimer들을 엄선하기 위하여 살모넬라 표준균주 16종을 대상으로 총 20가지 primer들의 RAPD 분리력을 비교하여 보았다. 결과는 재현성이 높았으며 이중 primer A, OPG04, OPG10, OPL-03은 16가지 균 모두를 다른 유형으로 분리하였고 primer OPB-17, OPB-6, OPG08, OPL-02는 15가지 유형으로 분리하였다. 이들은 discrimination index, band의 숫자, band scoring의 난이도 등을 고려해 볼 때 나머지 primer 들에 비해 우수한 분리력을 보였다. 이들 primer들은 장차 살모넬라의 RAPD typing에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 보이며, 현재는 이들을 이용하여 돈육 공장의 오염원 규명을 위한 연구를 수행 중이다.

In a sex offender ecosystem, it is necessary to ensure that rape is applied only to violent breaches of at least sexual self-determination. However, it is doubtful that the Supreme Court may have too broad a range of rape cases in this case. On the contrary, The first and second trial courts seem to be wary of further rape charges. On the basis of this case, it is likely to be the type that corresponds to the sexual compel in the German criminal law. So it would be more appropriate to introduce and punish the sexual compel in legislation if consensus was formed on the need to punish people for forcing sexual behavior. That would also eliminate the need to stretch and punish rape charges. The Supreme Court calls the degree of rape and intimidation the most serious offense and threat. But, it seems that the comprehensive judgment system applies the standards of violence and intimidation of consultation. However, such a comprehensive judgment does not provide a clear standard. Therefore, in this case, the Supreme Court made a different judgment from the first and second trials. However, the main reason why it is difficult to consistently punish sex crimes is because there is a big problem with the current sex criminal law system. As the wrong legal system is filled with diverse legal interpretations, the burden is entirely on citizens. Therefore, it is inevitable that there continue to be disturbance in the ecosystem of sex crimes. The preferred way to fix this mess is for lawmakers to fix the current sex crime system. And the court should try to help citizens form a proper consciousness of norms on sex crimes through a consistent and clear application of the law.

Recently, the scope of indecent act by compulsion has widened significantly. Also, the citizens are increasingly aware that most cases of indecent assault are done by forcible compulsion so, there is no animosity towards the expansion of indecent act by compulsion. However, it is somewhat inappropriate to expand the role of indecent act by compulsion in our criminal law. Because, in our criminal justice system, it is not intended to punish anyone for abusing all sexual harassment, but it is designed to punish people for violating their sexual decision–making rights by mobilizing force. Of course, indecent acts are reprehensible. But, it is necessary to think again about trying to punish indecent acts in the area of indecent act by compulsion. That is why the responsibility of the criminal law can be damaged. In such a sense, I agree with the supreme court decision in conclude. However, there has been a growing social interest in recent sexual assault. And the demand for punishment for indecent assault is on the rise. Therefore, it is a great burden to insist on reducing the role of indecent act of compulsion in criminal law. This paper does not claim to be lenient on sexual assault by reducing the role of indecent act of compulsion. but, within the principle of criminal law, indecent act of compulsion in criminal law should be more rationally applied. Because, criminal punishment is not the master key to solve all crimes. Indecent act by blitz(sexual harrassment) should not be included in the concept of indecent act by compulsion. Thus, indecent act by blitz should be punishable by a separate crime as sexual harrassment. And indecent act by compulsion should just play its own role. as it were, indecent act by compulsion should play its planned role in principles of responsibility of criminal law.

Anyone who defames another by publicly alleging facts can be punished, even though the facts are true. Because In korean criminal law there are the article, “A person who defames another by publicly alleging facts shall be punished by imprisonment or imprisonment without prison labor for not more than two years or by a fine not exceeding five million won(Art. 307 (1))”. Furthermore, “A person who defames another by publicly alleging false facts shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than five years, suspension of qualifications for not more than ten years, or a fine not exceeding ten million won(Art. 307 (2))”. But If the facts alleged under Article 307 (1) are true and solely for the public interest, the act shall not be punishable(Art. 310). However, there is no rule about the unsettled facts(It’s not sure whether the publicly alleging facts is true or false). In practice, this cases are applied to Art. 307 (2). And the practice deal with the unsettled facts in the field of a mistake of face. But in Art. 307 (2) the “fale facts” is a element of a crime, so that the unsettled facts should be applied not to Art. 307 (2), but Art. 307 (1). Otherwise, the unsettled facts can make misunderstand to the public by the guilty or not guilty of a judge. Because if the judge found the defendant guilty, then the unsetlled fact turn to be a true fact in spite of not proving of the fact. But if the judge found the defendant not guilty, then the unsettled fact turn to be a false fact. Therefore, if a judge can not prove the truth of the unsettled fact, then the Art. 307 (1) must be applied.

In Online-Rollenspielen ist es schon längst Normalität, dass besonders wertvolle und seltene Gegenstände, Rüstungsteile oder Waffen für reales Geld auf Handelsportalen wie Itembay verkauft werden. Nach der Nutzungsbediengungen haben Games Firmen gegen diese Praxis vorgegangen. Spieler, die in der Realität mit In-Game-Gegenständen handeln, müssten damit rechnen, alle Charaktere und Zugänge zu verlieren. Auch die Accounts von Käufern würden zeitweise deaktiviert und die betreffenden Objekte gelöscht. Ein Verhalten, dass man Items für reales Geld auf Handelsporalen handelt, war damit bisher nach dem betroffenen Gesetz, “Act on Promotion of Game Industry” nicht nur als illegal betrachtet, sondern auch der Handler des Items als bestraftet. Es war dennoch immer noch erlaubt gesetzlich, nicht via Handelnspotalen privat mit In-Game-Gegenständen zu handeln.Aber das höchst Gericht in Korea entscheidet dass das Verhalten sei frei, dass der Handler des Items mit Game-Items handeln lässt. Dies Urteil war eine sensationelle Entscheidung in der Game Industrie, dennoch könnte die Überlegung zum betroffenen Gesetz und Game-Items nicht ausreichend sein, wenn man den Inhalt des Urteils überprüft hat. Weil es keine zusätzlichen Begründungen für erste Instanz sowie Berufungsgericht gab. Vor allem beschäftigte sich der Berufungsgericht auf die Zufällichkeit des Leneage-Game, so wurde es übergesehen, ob das Leneage ein Grücksiel ist oder nicht. Das heisst, sind nicht nur die Zufällichkeit im Online-Games ein Schlüsselpunkt, sondern auch die Möglichkeit des Glückspiels. Deswegen wurden die Entscheidung der Gerichte(der ersten Intanz, der Berufungsgericht und das höchst Gericht) in der vorhanden Arbeit kritisch beleuchtet.