This study aims to refine the existing shear strength model for reinforced concrete(RC) beam–column connections by explicitly incorporating the bi-directional loading effect, which more accurately reflects the actual loading conditions of RC structures during earthquakes. A new database consisting of 21 RC beam–column connection specimens tested under simultaneous bi-directional loading was collected and analyzed to investigate the influence of key parameters on joint shear strength. The results revealed that the joint configuration and the presence of a slab are the primary factors governing the extent of bi-directional loading effect on joint shear strength. Based on these findings, a set of simple and practical modification factors was proposed to refine the existing joint shear strength model to account for bi-directional loading effect. The outcomes of this study provide a rational basis for incorporating bi-directional loading effect into the shear strength evaluation of RC beam–column connections

In this study, the flexural tests were performed to investigate the flexural performance of prestressed hybrid wide flange (PHWF) beams. The main test variable was the shear stud on the top steel flange for composite action with the topping slab. All the specimens had the flexural strengths exceeding their design strengths. The test results also indicate that the PHWF beams had experienced fully composite behavior with high ductility, regardless of the existence of shear studs.