This study investigates cataphora in Swahili with a particular emphasis on its socio-pragmatic functions. As can be observed in many other languages, anaphoric references tend to be in more frequent use than cataphoric ones seemingly in view of the fact that anaphoric references designate a word stated in an earlier utterance or sentence. Put it another way, anaphoric reference can be defined as the repetitive arrangement of a word in a linear sequence. This study aims to explore a rather neglected, but significant research topic and inquire into some plausible language-specific factors and motivational aspects that lead to the intermittent occurrence of intra-/inter-sentential cataphora. The structural particularities of internal arrangement and socio-pragmatic functions of cataphora are minutely examined by being based on naturally occurring utterances and those drawn from SNSs. This study aims at being implemental in having a multi-facetted understanding of why speakers use a forward-referring linguistic device and of how language-specific particularities induce speakers to rely on cataphora for anticipatory, emphatic and effective communications.

That language plays a pivotal and integral role in making political processes participatory and inclusive, and socioeconomic development sustainable has been commonsensically presumed to be a well-established fact. Language is not simply a means of mutual communication, but also a potent tool for social inclusion and exclusion, resulting in having both a positive and negative social impact. In this sense the use of African languages in all social domains for making sure of the concretization of inclusive political participation and representation as well as sustainable socioeconomic development. Despite being considered to be an exemplary country that has pursued an active endoglosic language policy, Tanzania has an uphill task in facilitating participatory democracy and sustainable socioeconomic development by virtue of the ease of language understanding with which people can make them understood in everyday life. What is imperatively needed in making participatory democracy and sustainable socioeconomic development possible and feasible is a strong political will and its implementation. In tandem with a strong political will and its implementation in the conduct of national affairs, a ceaseless and concerted effort needs to be made with a view to capacitating Swahili to make a meaningful contribution to participatory democracy and sustainable socioeconomic development. Furthermore, corpus planning that refers to an institutional effort for creating standards for Swahili has to be done.

YANG, Chul-Joon. 2014. Shifting Agency in Shaping Linguistic Landscape: Evidence from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 22(2), 45-64. This paper addresses the question of agency in shaping linguistic landscape and its manifold social and political implications in changing language ideology, attitudes and situations in post-Ujamaa Tanzania. Based on empirical data collected in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, this paper attempts to explain shifting agency in shaping linguistic landscape in the context of globalization as well as the spread of English in Tanzania. Agency in shaping linguistic landscape is inseparably interconnected with various social actors'motivations and reflects social changes at large. The domain of human agency behind linguistic landscape (public uses of written language) can be characterized as an epiphenomenon which involves a historical dimension and perspective. The study of linguistic landscape with special reference to agency offers a useful tool for examining various social actors who vie for public space. Agency in linguistic landscape needs to be seen in the wider context of social processes and existing power structures. (150)