Urban green spaces can mitigate negative impacts of urban heat island effect by creating cooling buffer zones. These cooling areas improve micro-climatic conditions and human health. Green space is important to reducing urban air temperature maxima and variation. Thus, there is an expectation that small green spaces (SGs) provide high cooling effects and thus make air temperatures drop. Meanwhile, such an effect in urban areas has been under-explored and needs more detailed spatial and temporal data. The purpose of the study was to develop a measurement method to detect temperature of various SGs with TVC and find the effect of TVC on accuracy of measured air temperature data in comparison with other non ventilation devices. We updated the cad file of the study site through comparing it with Google Map and conducting field surveys on the site. Transect survey was required to build a measurement route. We toured the study site by walk repeatedly to get the optimistic route which would have enough data points. One of considered routes which were inside of the forest and could make us get significantly influencing data was not founded for no trails so excluded in our study. After the field survey, we observed the study routes through a digital camcorder (Gopro) and recorded them on the cad file of the site because these data points should include air temperature and time data in their attribute table. As for transect survey, a researcher walked through the defined routes and collected air temperature data with two TVCs every second and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil every minute at the height of 1.5m from the ground. Stationary survey was conducted with two TVCs in every second data collection and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil in every minute data collection on the resting area at the entrance of the site. One of TVCs and one of Testo loggers were set at the height of 0.5m while the others of TVCs and Testo loggers were at the height of 1.5m. On the stationary point, other microclimate variables such as wind velocity, wind direction and solar irradiance were also measured and recorded every minute. We repeated the measurement for one day or two days a month (November, 2016 ~ May, 2017) and four times a day. The measuring days were selected when they were clean and calm. As a result, air temperature from TVCs was entirely lower than that from Testo loggers on the stationary survey. This trend was shown during the day rather than after sunset. The difference of air temperature from between TVCs and Testo loggers ranged from 2 ℃ after sunset to 5 ℃ at 16h. At the height of 0.5m, a Testo logger's data showed much higher than a TVC's data. These results show that Testo loggers tend to be easily influenced by the change of solar radiation. Moreover, there was the ventilation effect at the stationary. So no ventilation could be the main reason why Testo loggers' data were high. However, TVCs' lower temperature explains how effectively these devices block the solar radiation and ventilate air inside the cylinder.

Net primary productivity (NPP) is considered as an important indicator for forest ecosystem since the role of the forest is highlighted as a key sector for mitigating climate change. The objective of this research is to estimate changes on the net primary productivity of forest in South Korea under the different climate change scenarios. The G4M (Global Forest Model) was used to estimate current NPP and future NPP trends in different climate scenarios. As input data, we used detailed (1 km × 1 km) downscaled monthly precipitation and average temperature from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for four RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenarios (2.6/4.5/6.0/8.5). We used MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) NPP data for the model validation. Current NPP derived from G4M showed similar patterns with MODIS NPP data. Total NPP of forest increased in most of RCP scenarios except RCP 8.5 scenario because the average temperature increased by 5°C. In addition, the standard deviation of annual precipitation was the highest in RCP8.5 scenario. Precipitation change in wider range could cause water stress on vegetation that affects decrease of forest productivity. We calculated future NPP change in different climate change scenarios to estimate carbon sequestration in forest ecosystem. If there was no biome changes in the future NPP will be decreased up to 90%. On the other hand, if proper biome change will be conducted, future NPP will be increased 50% according to scenarios.

Urban Heat Island has become a serious problem in urban area. Tree is considered as effective measure for mitigating urban heat. The purpose of this study is reviewing urban heat island mitigation effect of tree, focusing on evaluation indices related to temperature reduction. We selected 49 previous studies and classified studies considering type of site and variables related to mitigate urban heat. Studies were classified as tree, vegetation, green roof/wall and green area. Variables of each group were categorized as space, function, individual and environment variables. Each study site showed different mitigation effects and considered different variables. Therefore, plans or designs for green area in urban area should consider differences among sites and use integrated evaluation indices including humidity and wind speed for mitigating urban heat.

Tree canopy is a valuable component consisting of urban ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to classify urban tree canopy (UTC) by using high resolution imagery and object-oriented classification (OOC), which was used to classify the different land cover types. With an urban canopy mapping system based on OOC and Decision Tree Classification (DTC), a site mapping was carried out by merging spectral data of high resolution imagery. This methodological approach showed high classification accuracy to distinguish small patches and continuous UTC boundaries on the high resolution imagery. For shadow removal, decision tree classification with various environmental variables such as brightness channel and band combination could effectively work. Our proposed methodology can be successfully used for the assessment and restoration of fragmented urban ecosystem and offer an opportunity to obtain high classification accuracy for the distinction of UTC components in urban landscape areas.