This study examines how consumer characteristics–wellness, religiosity, and fashion consciousness–on the perception of modest activewear attributes and purchase intention among Indonesian consumers. It employed the FEA consumer model, which integrates functional, expressive, and aesthetic dimensions for clothing development. A total of 200 responses were collected from adult women in Indonesia through an online survey conducted from October 16 to 25, 2023. Using SPSS 26.0, frequency analysis, factor analysis, multiple regression, and reliability testing were performed. The results indicate that fashion consciousness and physical wellness significantly influence the functional elements of modest activewear, while fashion consciousness and religiosity significantly affect the expressive elements. Furthermore, fashion consciousness, religiosity, and physical wellness all have significant effects on the aesthetic elements, with fashion consciousness emerging as the most influential factor. In contrast, emotional wellness did not show a significant effect. Regarding purchase intention, functional and expressive attributes of modest activewear show significant positive effects, while aesthetic perceptions directly shaped Indonesian women’s purchase decisions. While prior research on modest fashion has largely emphasized religious motivations, this study advances the discourse by integrating wellness and fashion consciousness as equally important drivers. This study analyzes three consumer characteristics within the FEA framework, offering a unique perspective on how lifestyle, fashion, and religiosity influence modest activewear consumption.

With the digitalization of production and consumption environments, consumers are no longer merely targets of marketing, but key players in creating value jointly with companies by participating in various decision-making processes. Much virtual content in particular, such as fashion shows, exhibitions, games, social activities, and shopping, which fashion brands implement in virtual worlds, cannot be completed without consumers’ active engagement and interaction. Thus, this study considers consumers’ participation in virtual content provided by fashion brands as value co-creation in virtual worlds. This study aims to examine how consumer (i.e., consumer smartness) and fashion firm (i.e., perceived intellectual capital) factors influence value co-creation behavior intention in virtual worlds. Data were collected from 410 consumers in their 20s nationwide through an online survey, and a higher-order structural equation modeling analysis was conducted to test the research model. The results showed that both consumer smartness and perceived intellectual capital positively influenced customer participation behavior and citizenship behavior intentions. Specifically, perceived intellectual capital had a greater impact on value co-creation behavior in the virtual world than consumer smartness. The findings provide empirical evidence that the fashion firms’ intangible assets and consumers’ competence in the digital shopping environment encourage their intentions to co-create value in virtual worlds.