The carbon-containing molecule can be used as an NMR probe to explore the acidic and structural features of various catalytic materials. Thereinto, although mesityl oxide (MO) has been extensively employed to determine the acidity of solution and ionic liquid systems, could it be utilized to characterize the acidic properties of solid acid catalysts? In this work, on the basis of a series of isolated Brønsted and Lewis acid models with varied acid strengths, the adsorption configurations and corresponding 13C chemical shifts of adsorbed MO molecules have been comprehensively studied by means of a theoretical investigation approach. Among them, both the 13C chemical shift difference between β and α carbon atoms (Δδ), and the 13C chemical shift of β carbon atoms (δ13Cβ) in adsorbed MO molecules were explicitly demonstrated to be closely related to the intrinsic acid strength of Brønsted acid sites. These correlations could be utilized to quantitatively scale the Brønsted acid strength of solid acid catalysts. Besides, a moderate relationship was theoretically derived for the relevant 13C NMR parameters and intrinsic Lewis acid strength.

A novel, unique, and effective method for carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion by the free arc stimulation is proposed. CNTs are introduced as an aerogel into the air space via the dispersion method and can be utilized as a solution by adding it to solvents. The volume of the original generated CNT aerogel with a high-volume expansion ratio displays a performance two orders of magnitudes better than that of raw CNTs, which is considered a powerful characterization of the dispersion effect. The CNT aerogel, which was observed by scanning electron microscopy also showed a satisfactory dispersion morphology. Its structure and properties were tested before and after dispersion by Raman spectroscopy and great consistency was observed, which proved that the CNTs were undamaged. This approach may greatly promote the large-scale application of CNTs.

With the rapid development of science and technology, big data has been applied in many fields and has brought commercial revolution[1]. The scientific community generally regards big data as "massive data + complex types of data". Commercial applications are more concerned about big data as an analytical (prediction) method and focus on the potential commercialization of analysis results. All walks of life will produce large amounts of data every day. The transition of data-scale brings huge commercial value, which will certainly bring the innovation of business model[2]. Particularly in the internet and other emerging industries, because they get data more convenient and fast. Like Amason, Facebook, Google etc, they use analysis of big data to innovate their business model for maximizing their profits[3], actually business model refers to "an enterprise’s profitable operation mode plus ways to make money"[4]. So the effectiveness of business model innovation of big data on emerging industries has been remarkable. But the impact of big data on traditional industries is still in the exploratory stage. Traditional industry mainly refers to the labor intensive, manufacturing oriented industries, including the traditional commerce and service industry[5]. Learning from the experience of big data on business model innovation of emerging industries, traditional industries can use big data to subvert the business model and accelerate the transformation and upgrading.

Epigenetic status of the genome of a donor nucleus has an important effect on the developmental potential of cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In our previous study has results showed that the donor cells treated with 5-aza-2’- deoxyctidine (5-aza-dC, DNA methylation inhibitors) and Trichostatin A (TSA, histone deacetylase inhibitors) could improve the development of porcine nuclear transfer embryos in vitro. In this study we want to investigate why these two drugs treatment with the donor cell can improve the cloning efficiency, whether they can alter the epigenetic status of the genome of the donor nucleus. This study included 6 groups: control group, the donor cell (porcine fetal fibroblast cell) with no treatment; 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC group, the donor cells treated with 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC for 1h; 5-aza-dC group, the donor cells treated with 5 nM 5-aza-dC for 1h; TSA group, the donor cells treated with 50 nM TSA for 1h; 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC+TSA group, the donor cells treated with 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC for 1h and subsequently treated with 50 nM TSA for another 1h; 5-aza-dC+TSA group, the donor cells treated with 5 nM 5-aza-dC and 50 nM TSA together for 1h. The first experiment detected the DNA methylation status in the different groups. After treatment with these two drugs, the DNA methylation level of the donor cells decreased, however there is no significant difference among the groups. This result indicated that the donor cell treatment with 5-aza-dC and TSA can partially alter the DNA methylation status of the donor cells. The second experiment checked the histone acetylation level of the donor cells treated with these two drugs by western blot. TSA, 2.5 nM 5-aza-dC+TSA, 5 nM 5-aza-aC+TSA, these three groups can significantly improve the hisone acetylation level compared with control and 5-aza-dC groups, there is no significant difference among these three groups. The results of this study suggest that the donor cells treated with 5-aza-dC and TSA can partially decrease DNA methylation and can significantly improve the histone acetylation level of the donor cells, these alterations of the epigenetic modification maybe can improve the clonging efficiency.

5‐aza‐2’‐deoxyctidine (5‐aza‐dC) is DNA methylation inhibitor and Trichostatin A (TSA) is histone deacytlase inhibitor, both of them can alter the level of the epigenetic modification of cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of treatment with 5‐aza‐dC and TSA into fetal fibroblasts on the development of porcine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. In this study, experiments were performed in order to modify epigenetic status in donor cells and evaluate developmental potential of NT embryos. 5‐ aza‐dC or TSA or combining treatment of TSA and 5‐aza‐dC was treated into growing donor cells for 1 h exposure and development of NT embryos was evaluated. Experiment was performed with 3 groups: control group (donor cells without treatment); TSA group (donor cell treated with 50 nM TSA for 1 h); TSA + 5‐aza‐dC group (donor cells were treated with 50 nM TSA and 5 nM 5‐aza‐dC for 1 h); TSA+1/2(5‐aza‐dC) group (donor cells were treated with 50 nM TSA for 1h and subsequently treated with 2.5 nM 5‐aza‐dC for another 1h). When donor cells were individually treated with 5 nM 5‐aza‐dC or 50 nM TSA for 1h, the blastocyst rate of NT embryos increased significantly compared with control group [18.8% vs 13.4% (5 nM 5‐aza‐dC group vs control group), and 26.2% vs 11.8% (50 nM TSA group vs control group), p<0.05]. However, the blastocyst rate in combining treatment group (50 nM TSA + 5 nM 5‐aza‐dC) did not increase compare with control group (12.3% vs 11.8%, p>0.05). When the donor cell were individually treated with 50nM TSA for 1 h firstly and then treated with 2.5 nM 5‐aza‐dC for another 1h, the blastocyst rate was significantly improved compared with control and TSA group (28% vs 10.2% and 23.7%, p<0.05). The present study suggested that donor cells treated with TSA or low concentration of TSA+5‐azadC in short time exposure may enhance the development of porcine NT embryo.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding genes that participate in post-transcription regulation by either degrading mRNA or blocking its translation. It is considered to be very important in regulating insect development and metamorphosis. Insects are the largest group of animals and are extremely valuable in biological and agriculture research. Insects are also important pests to human health and agriculture, and efforts are necessary protect both humans and plants from disease and damage. Despite their importance, insects lag behind mammals, nematodes, and plants in miRNA research. At present, only 279 insect miRNAs have been identified from Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, Bombyx mori, and D. pseudoobscura in miRBase, and most of these miRNAs were computationally predicted without experimental validation. Functional analysis of insect miRNAs has only been conducted in D. melanogaster.

This study investigates the impact of Malaysia’s capital market and other key determinants on Economic Growth from the period of 1988 to 2012. The key determinants studied are foreign direct investment and real interest rate. This study also examines the long run and short run relationship between the economic growth and capital market, foreign direct investment, and real interest rate by using bound testing cointegration of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Model (ECM) version of ARDL model. The empirical results of the study suggest that there is long- run cointegration among the capital market, foreign direct investment, real Interest rate and economic growth. The result also suggests that capital market and real interest rate have positive impact on economic growth in the short run and long run. Foreign direct investment does not show positive impact on economic growth in the short run but it does in the long run.

Somatic embryogenic calli were obtained from different native citrus species in Jeju island, South Korea. Undeveloped ovules were cultured on 5 different media, respectively; MSI (MS, modified, with the addition of malt extract 500 mg･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･L-1), MSII (MS, modified, with the addition of malt extract 500 mg･L-1 , kinetin 1 mg･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･L-1), MSIII (MS, modified, with the addition of malt extract 500 mg･L-1, 6-benzyladenine, 3 mg･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･L-1), EME-S (MT, modified, with the addition of malt extract 500 mg･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･L-1), 1/2 EME-S (half concentration of MT marcronutrients, half concentratrion of BH3 marcronutrients, malt extract 500 mg･L-1, glutamine 1.55 g･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･ L-1). Embryogenic calli were induced in the surface of undeveloped ovules in different manners, depending on citrus species and culture conditions. Somatic embryos developed into plantlets with a high frequency. Citrus embryogenic calli can be applied widely to somatic hybridization, genetic transformation, and in vitro germplasm conservation

Miraculin can modify a sour taste into a sweet taste and is an alternative to traditional sweeteners. Mirculin gene was introduced into the Miyagawa Wase Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) callus by Agrobacterum-mediated transformation to produce citrus transgenic plant. Transgenic plant candidates were selected via hygromycin resistance. Transformation was confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction, Southern blotting, and Western blot analysis. Expression of this gene in transgenic citrus resulted in the accumulation of miraculin protein in the leaves. Multiple Shoots of transgenic citrus planets were micrografted onto trifoliate rootstocks in the sterile soil. Plants were established in the greenhouse 2 years after planting.