Graphene aerogels have gained widespread recognition in recent years as electrode materials for supercapacitors, primarily attributed to their excellent stability and impressive specific capacitance. However, further enhancing their specific capacitance is a formidable task. One viable strategy to overcome this hurdle is to composite them with metal oxides. In doing so, the metal oxides boost the specific capacitance of graphene aerogels, while the latter addresses the stability issues inherent in metal oxides. This article reviews recent research on Ni, Co, and Mn oxide–graphene composite aerogels in supercapacitors, summarizing their preparation processes, performance and energy storage mechanism. While existing studies have demonstrated the feasibility of metal oxide–graphene composite aerogels as supercapacitor electrodes, several challenges remain, necessitating deeper exploration by researchers in this field.