The ferroelectric properties of barium titanate strongly depend on its microstructure, in particular, grain size and distribution. During sintering, usually exhibits abnormal grain growth, which deteriorates considerably the ferroelectric properties. A typical technique to suppress the abnormal grain growth is the addition of dopants. Dopant addition, however, affects the ferroelectric properties and thus limits the application of . Here, we report a simple but novel technique to prevent the abnormal grain growth of and to overcome the limitation of dopant use. The technique consists of stepwise sintering in a reducing atmosphere and in an oxidizing atmosphere. The materials prepared by the present technique exhibit uniform grain size and high dielectric properties. The technique should provide opportunities of having -based materials with superior ferroelectric properties.

We have studied the central parts of M82, which is a well-known infrared luminous, starburst galaxy, by analyzing archival data from the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). M82 was observed at 11 positions covering ±45" from the center along the major axis. We analyzed 4 emission lines, [ArIII] 8.99 μm, H2 17.034 μm, [FeII] 25,98 μm, and [SiII] 34,815 μm from SWSO2 data. The integrated flux distributions of these lines are quite different. The H2 line shows symmetric twin peaks at ~18" from the center, which is a general characteristic of molecular lines in starburst or barred galaxies. This line appears to be associated with the rotating molecular ring at around ~200 pc just outside the inner spiral arm. The relative depletion of the H2 line at the center may be due to the active star formation activity which dissociates the H2 molecules. The other lines have peaks at the center and the distributions are nearly symmetric. The line profiles are deconvolved assuming that both intrinsic and instrumental profiles are Gaussian. The velocity dispersion outside the core is found to be ~50 km s-1. The central velocity dispersion is much higher than 50 km s-1, and different lines give different values. The large central velocity dispersion (σ) is mostly due to the rotation, but there is also evidence for a high σ for [ArIII] line. We also generated position-velocity maps for these four lines. We found very diverse features from these maps.

강원도 치악산 계류에서 하루살이과에 속하는 가는무늬하루살이와 무늬하루살이의 온도와 연관된 생활사 적응에 대하여 연구하였다. 하루살이 개체군의 고도분포에 따라 3개의 조사지점(상류와 중류지점: 가는무늬하루살이; 하류지점: 무늬하루살이)을 선정하였다. 채집은 1997. 2~1998. 1 동안 월 1회 실시하였고, 우화기에는 월 2회 실시하였다. 수온은 1997. 5~1998. 1 동안 시간대로 모니터링 하였다. 결과로서, 3개의 조사지점은 서로 다른 온도역(평균온도 상류: 9.39°C; 중류: 10.38°C; 하류: 12.70°C)을 나타냈다. 체장과 유충단계의 분석 결과 두 종 모두 명백히 연 1세대였고, 각 개체군은 2개의 무리(cohort)를 포함하였다. 우화는 늦은 5월부터 늦은 6월까지 일어났지만 하류로 갈수록 일렀다. 유충의 충원은 우화기(여름형)와 그 5~6개월 이후(겨울형)에 시작되었다. 이처럼 2회에 걸친 유충의 충원에 대하여 알의 휴면 또는 무성생식이 원인으로 작용하는 것으로 가정되었다. 상류와 중류에서 가는무늬하루살이의 총 적산온도는 각각 2380DD와 2668DD였고, 하류에서 무늬하루살이는 3220DD였다. 가는무늬하루살이의 경우 연평균수온이 1°C 내려감에 따라 알의 부화는 약 22일, 평균 유충성장은 약 15일 지연되는 것으로 추정되었다. 가는무늬하루살이는 냉온에 적응된 생활사 양상을 나타냈고, 다른 한국산 및 일본산 근연종과 비교하여 종내 및 종간 생활사 적응에 대하여 추가로 논하였다.

Open clusters are useful tools to investigate the structure and evolution of the Galactic disk. We have started a long-term project to obtain UBVI CCD photometry of open clusters which were little studied before, using the Doyak 1.8 m telescope of Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory in Korea. The primary goals of this project are (1) to make a catalog of UBVI photometry of open clusters, (2) to make an atlas of open clusters, and (3) to survey and monitor variable stars in open clusters. Here we describe this project and report the first results based on preliminary analysis of the data on four open clusters in the survey sample: Be 14, Cr 74, Biu 9, and NGC 2355. Isochrone fitting of the color-magnitude diagrams of the clusters shows that all of them are intermediate age to old (0.3-1.6 Gyrs) open clusters with moderate metallicity.