It is known that the growth and development of the mosquito are greatly affected by the change of the meteorological factors. In particular, temperature and precipitation are closely related to the life cycle of the mosquito, and their effects have different characteristics for each species of mosquito. Therefore, to develop a mosquito activity index based on mosquito density, it is essential to develop a prediction model based on weather data. In this study, we developed a functional formula that can estimate the change of mosquito density according to the change of meteorological factors using the mosquito classification data of Incheon region collected from 2011 to 2017. Also, using the data of the digital mosquito monitoring system (DMS) from April to October 2018, mosquito activity index according to characteristics of space in city was developed. In order to reflect the temporal characteristics of the mosquito life-cycle, we used data of temperature and precipitation prior to 1-2 weeks, and used land cover data to reflect the spatial characteristics of mosquito density. Density of Culex pipiens collected in the Incheon area were gradually increased when the average temperature increased two weeks ago after adjusting the precipitation. However, when the average temperature reached 22°C, the density of Culex pipiens marked a peak, and above the 22°C, the density was decreased. The predicted mosquito activity index calculated by applying the machine learning method to the DMS data of the Incheon area is designed to calculate from 1 to 10 grades. The accuracy of the mosquito activity index was 87% when the one grade error was allowed.

Purpose - Customer loyalty and citizenship behavior are key success factors of franchise system. They make the management of franchisee more effective and efficient. Prior studies, however, mainly dealt with only acquisition utility of customer, such as perceived product/service quality and brand reputation to explain customer loyalty and citizenship behavior, which explains only on one side. We tried to investigate the effect of exchange utility of customer, such as relationship strength and psychological obligation together with the acquisition utility. In addition, we tried to investigate the relationship between customer loyalty and citizenship behavior in franchise context. Research design, data, and methodology - This study used data collected from the dining franchisee managers of 342 franchisors in South Korea. The franchisors consist of more than ten franchisees, the majority of which participated directly in the transaction with franchisor and have worked for more than six months. To test the hypotheses, the study used structural equation model analysis. Results - H1-1, 1-2, 1-3 predicted that acquisition utility would increase customer loyalty to franchisee. In support of H1-1, 1-2, 1-3, the results indicated that acquisition utilities such as perceived product value, perceived service value, and franchise brand reputation had positive effects on customer loyalty. H2-1, 2-2 predicted that exchange utility would increase customer loyalty to franchisee. In support of H2-2, the result indicated that psychological obligation had positive effects on customer loyalty like other acquisition utilities. However, H2-1 was not supported. Relationship strength had no significant effect on customer loyalty. H3 predicted that customer loyalty would increase customer citizenship behavior. In support of H3, the results indicated that customer loyalty had positive effect on customer citizenship behavior. Overall, the evidences generally supported the hypotheses. Conclusion - The results of the study show that not only acquisition utility but also exchange utility increases customer loyalty to franchisee and also show that customer loyalty increases customer citizenship behavior. Interestingly, however, relationship strength has no significant effect on customer loyalty. These results have two implications. The one is that increasing exchange utility can improve customer loyalty as acquisition utility can. The other one is that both of customer utilities can improve customer citizenship via customer loyalty.

This work aimed to analyze current status of by-products generation and industrial symbiosis network in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. Manufacturing sector of the province mainly consists of electronics, machinery, steel, metal-working industries. Gumi and Pohang have the 1st and 2nd largest worker population in the manufacturing sector. 21,950.7 ton/d of waste is generated from the industries in 2011, of which 82.2% is recycled. The industrial waste, which is not recycled, is mainly composed of sludge cake from domestic wastewater treatment plants, waste plastic, incinerator ash, and slag. Pohang is the largest generating city of both total and the non-recycled industrial waste in the province, and most of the waste is from Pohang steel industrial park. Symbiosis map in Pohang steel industrial park shows that most of the current material symbiosis in the industrial park is for waste refractories and slag.