This study showcases an International Learning Exchange (ILE) program between North Korean (NK) refugee students in South Korea and American university students from the US. ILE programs connect two or more linguistic/ cultural groups for intercultural awareness, which provide authentic communicative environments. However, the prevalent use of English and research focus mostly on non-native English-speaking students reflect the ideology of native-speakerism embedded in ILE programs. The purpose of this study was to develop an ILE program that resists native-speakerism and to investigate its influences on native as well as non-native English-speaking students. Adopting a case-study approach, data were collected from video-taping, fieldnotes, student documents, surveys, and interviews. Findings show how the authors designed and implemented a principle-based ILE program. The responses of NK students show their growing motivation and communication ability. The responses of American students show their critical reflections on their native-speaker identities. This study offers insights into designing ILE programs based on multilingualism and translanguaging.

In this study, β -carotene concentrations was determined in soybean cultivar according to seed size, usage, seed coat color and cotyledon color as well as the process of seed germination. The total average concentration of β -carotene was 6.6~mug/g in soybean seed, 33.3~mug/g in soybean sprout. According to seed size, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean was 6.9~mug/g in large soybean seed, 6.7~mug/g in medium soybean seed, and 6.31~mug/g in small soybean seed. In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 21.4~mug/g in large soybean sprout, 30.5~mug/g in medium soybean sprout, and 43.5~mug/g in small soybean sprout. According to the utilization of seed, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean seed was 7.2~mug/g in cooked with rice soybean seed, 6.1~mug/g in paste and curd soybean seed, and 6.3~mug/g in sprout soybean seed. In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 25.9~mug/g in cooked with rice soybean sprout, 32.4~mug/g in paste and curd soybean sprout, and 41.9~mug/g in sprout soybean sprout. When comparison with seed coat color, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean with brown seed coat (8.8~mug/g ) was slightly higher than those of soybean with yellow (6.1~mug/g ). In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 21.8~mug/g in black seed coat sprout, 38.7~mug/g in brown seed coat sprout, 34.1~mug/g in green seed coat sprout, 39.5~mug/g in yellow seed coat sprout, and 30.5~mug/g in mottle seed coat sprout. The results of this study suggested the functional characteristics of soybean through quantitative analysis of β -carotene.