The seven selected primers OPA-02, OPA-04, OPA-18, OPD-07, OPD-08, OPD-15 and OPD-16 were used to generate unique shared loci to each species and shared loci by the two species. The hierarchical dendrogram indicates three main branches: cluster 1 (RORETZI 01~RORETZI 11) and cluster 2 (HILGENDORF 12~HILGENDORF 22) from two geographic populations of ascidians, Halocynthia roretzi and H. hilgendorfi. The shortest genetic distance displaying significant molecular difference was between individuals' HILGENDORF no. 14~HILGENDORF no. 19 (genetic distance =0.008). Ultimately, individual no. 02 of the RORETZI ascidian was most distantly related to HILGENDORF no. 21 (genetic distance=0.781). These results demonstrate that the H. roretzi population is genetically different from the H. hilgendorfi population. From what has been said above, the potential of PCR analysis to identify diagnostic markers for the identification of two ascidian populations has been demonstrated. Generally speaking, using a variety of decamer primers, this PCR method has been applied to identify specific markers particular to line, species and geographical population, as well as genetic diversity/polymorphism in diverse species of organisms.

The gDNA isolated from Korean cuttle fish (Sepia esculenta Hoyle) from Sockcho (SOCKCHO), Seocheon (SEOCHEON), Incheon (INCHEON) and Vietnamese cuttle fish (VIETNAM), were amplified by PCR. Here, the seven selected primers (BION-A07, BION-A09, BION-A11, BION-A20, BION-B04, BION-B06, and BION-B14) were used to generate the unique shared loci to each population and shared loci by the four cuttle fish populations. In this study, the primer BION-A11 detected 112 shared loci by the four populations, major and/or minor fragments of sizes 300 bp, 400 bp, 700 bp and 1,000 bp, respectively, which were identical in all samples. The dendrogram obtained by the seven primers indicates five genetic clusters: cluster 1 (SOCKCHO 01-SOCKCHO 07), cluster 2 (SEOCHEON 08-SEOCHEON 10), cluster 3 (SEOCHEON 11-SEOCHEON 14), cluster 4 (INCHEON 15-INCHEON 21), and cluster 5 (VIETNAM 22-VIETNAM 28). The shortest genetic distance that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals 25 and 26 from the Vietnamese cuttle fish (0.025), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty-eight cuttle fishes that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals SOCKCHO no. 02 and SEOCHEON no. 12 (0.640). Individual of Seocheon and Incheon cuttle populations was somewhat closely related to that of Vietnamese cuttle fish population. Even though it could not be affirmed by a single case, such a result seems to be closely connected that the Korean peninsula is subject to climate changes by global warming. In conclusion, our PCR analyses revealed a significant genetic distance among the four cuttle fish populations.

"Chuyoung" as a new double cropping potato variety was bred in 2005 for table use through a cross between "Dejima" with short tuber dormancy and HRB-31 which is a tetraploid derived from an interspecific cross between "Russet Burbank" and Solanum phureja line. It was evaluated for short dormancy, growth and tuber characteristics every twice a year from 1997 to 2001. Regional yield trials were performed from 2002 to 2004 at three locations, Jeju, Namhae and Gangneung of Korea, respectively. Its tuber shape is oblong with yellow skin and flesh colors. Its dormant periods is 60~70days. It showed less incidence of physiological disorders such as cracking or knobs on tubers, and higher resistance to common scab by Streptomyces scabies compared to "Dejima". It has tall plant height and erect growth type with green-broad leaflets and white large inflorescence. Its average yields are 29.5 and 22.6 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping, respectively. It also showed higher marketable yield due to the lower incidence of common scab and physiological disorders compared to "Dejima".

"Chugang" as a new double cropping potato variety for table use was bred in 2003 from a cross between H83005-2 with short dormancy and "Superior" with common scab resistance. It had been evaluated for short dormancy, growth adaptability and tuber characteristics every twice a year from 1990 to 1999. Regional yield trials had been performed from 2000 to 2002 at three locations, Jeju, Namhae and Gangneung of Korea, respectively. It has round oblong tuber shape with yellow skin and white flesh color. Its tuber dormant periods is approximately 50~60 days. It showed less physiological disorders such as cracking or knobs, and more tolerant to environmental stresses such as plant death by flooding and damages by frost or severe wind compared to "Dejima". Average yields of "Chugang" are 34.6 and 31.1 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping, respectively. It is more resistant to common scab and less susceptible to late blight (phythophthora infestans) compared to "Dejima". However, it is susceptible to potato virus Y (PVY) and andean mosaic virus (AMV).

Lately, the autumn cropping areas of potato have been steadily increased to supply fresh potatoes all year round in Korea. Although "Dejima" is a main cultivar for autumn cropping, it is very susceptible to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and show high frequency of physiological disorders such as knobs and cracking on tubers. "Chudong" was bred in 2002 for fresh table use from a cross between H83520-3 with short tuber dormancy and "Superior" with common scab resistance. It has attractive, round tuber shape with white skin and flesh colors. Its tuber dormant periods is 5 days longer than 65 days of "Dejima". Its average yields were 32.4 and 21.8 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping of regional yield trials, respectively. It is more resistant to common scab and potato leaf roll virus and less susceptible to late blight (Phythophthora infestans) compared to "Dejima". However, it is susceptible to potato virus Y.

군산지역에 있는 호수와 양식장에서 채집된 붕어(Carassius carassius)의 혈액으로부터 추출된 genomic DNA를 무작위 primer를 이용한 PCR-RAPD 방법에 의해서 유전적 차이를 확인하고자 하였다. 12개 primer 중에서 6개를 이용한 결과 호수산 붕어의 경우 primer 당 약 2.1 polymorphic bands가 나타났고, 총 266개의 높은 RAPD marker가 확인되었으며, 0.18에서 0.76의 bandshari

RAPD analysis based on numerous markers have been used to investigate patterns of genetic differentiation ann and within two cultured and wild populations represented by the species crucian carp(Carassius carassius). From RAPD analysis using five primers, a total of 442 polymorphic bands were obtained in two populations and 273 were found to be specific to a wild population. According to RAPD-based estimates, average number of polymorphic bands in wild population was approximately 1.5 times as diverse as that in cultured. The average level of bandsharing values was in wild population, but was in cultured population, With reference to bandsharing values and banding patterns, wild population was considerably more diverse than cultured population. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of crucian carp should help in formulating more effective strategies for managing this aquacultural fish species.