In order to identify key nations and bird species of conservation concern we described multinational collaborations as defined using network analysis linked by birds that are found in all nations in the network. We used network analysis to assess the patterns in bird occurrence for 10,422 bird inventories from 244 countries and territories. Nations that are important in multinational collaborations for bird conservation were assessed using the centrality measures, closeness and betweenness centrality. Countries important for the multinational collaboration of bird conservation were examined based on their centrality measures, which included closeness and betweenness centralities. Comparatively, the co-occurrence network was divided into four groups that reveal different biogeographical structures. A group with higher closeness centrality included countries in southern Africa and had the potential to affect species in many other countries. Birds in countries in Asia, Australia and the South Pacific that are important to the cohesiveness of the global network had a higher score of betweenness centrality. Countries that had higher numbers of bird species and more extensively distributed bird species had higher centrality scores; in these countries, birds may act as excellent indicators of trends in the co-occurrence bird network. For effective bird conservation in the world, much stronger coordination among countries is required. Bird co-occurrence patterns can provide a suitable and powerful framework for understanding the complexity of co-occurrence patterns and consequences for multinational collaborations on bird conservation.

The powder injection molding process having advantages in manufacturing three-dimensional precision parts essentially requires a debinding process before sintering to remove the binders used for preparing feedstock. In this study, powder injection molding of translucent alumina was performed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) is used as a supercritical fluid that makes it possible to remove a large amount of binder, which is paraffin wax. The relationship between the optical property of translucent alumina and the debinding condition (temperature and pressure) of supercritical CO2 was investigated. As temperature and pressure increased, extraction rate of the binder showed rising tendency and average grain size after sintering process was relatively fine. On the other hand, optical transmittance was reduced. As a result, the debinding condition at 50˚C and 20 MPa that represents the lowest extraction rate, 8.19x10-3m2/sec, corresponds to the largest grain size of 14.7μm and the highest optical transmittance of 45.2%.

In this experiment, a highly porous scaffold of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) was prepared using the spongereplica method. The BCP scaffold was coated with 58S bioactive glass (BG) and sintered for a second time. The resulting scaffold was coated with gelatin (Gel) and cross-linked with [3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide] and N-Hydroxysuccinamide (EDC-NHS). The initial average pore size of the scaffold ranged from 300 to 700μm, with more than 85 % porosity. The coating of BG and Gel had a significant effect on the scaffold-pore size, decreasing scaffold porosity while increasing mechanical strength. The material and surface properties were evaluated by means of several experiments involving scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay and confocal imaging of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells cultured in vitro. Three types of scaffold (BCP, BCP-BG and BCP-BG-Gel) were implanted in a rat skull for in vivo evaluation. After 8 weeks of implantation, bone regeneration occurred in all three types of sample. Interestingly, regeneration was found to be greater (geometrically and physiologically) for neat BCP scaffolds than for two other kinds of composite scaffolds. However, the other two types of scaffolds were still better than the control (i.e., defect without treatment).

당 대사에 관여하는 Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP)는 해당과정에서의 대사 산물인 pyruvate를 acetyl CoA로 만들어 구연산 회로로 진입시켜주는 효소인 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)의 활성을 조절하는 중요한 효소이다. PDP의 catalytic subunit는 PDC의 dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase(E2), PDP regulatory subunit (PDPr), 그리고 칼슘 결합 도메인 등으로 구성되어 있는 것으로 추측되어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 PDP 단백질을 분리정제하고 결정화 하고자 하였다. PDP는 catalytic subunit(PDPc, Mr 52,600 Da)과, regulatory subunit (PDPr 95,600 Da)으로 구성되어 있으며 칼슘 존재하에 PDPc는 dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase(E2) component와 결합하여 기질인 인산 E1 component의 탈 인산화율을 증가시킨다. PDPc는 intrinsic 칼슘 결합부위를 가지며 두 번째 칼슘 부위는 E2 존재 하에 형성된다. 이러한 특이한 상호반응을 이용한 GSH-Sepharose-GST-L2 matrix를 이용하여 약 1000 U/㎎의 specific activity를 갖는 순수 PDPc를 약 80%의 yeild로 얻어 결정화에 사용하였다.

본 연구는 우리의 전통 기물과 함께 풍부한 소재와 다양한 형식으로 발전시켜온 오색전지공예에서 문양을 중심으로 기호학 적 분석방법을 도입하여 어떠한 방식으로 작용하여 상징을 드러내는지 검토한 것이다. 연구는 첫 번째로 전통 기법을 바 탕으로 현대적 공예 디자인으로 발전해 온 과정을 살피고 관련문헌을 체계적으로 분류하면서 전통문양의 일반적 상징의미 를 고찰하였다. 두 번째는 기호로서 오색전지공예문양의 상징적 의미에 대한 분석과 현대적 재해석에 적절한 여러 갈래의 기호학 이론을 살폈다. 여러 이론이 도입된 배경에는 롤랑바르트의 신화체계만을 도입할 경우 민간의 무의식이 침잠된 본 래의 인류 문화적 문양분석이 방기되는 결점 때문에 그 보완으로 소쉬르, 그레마스, 퍼스의 기호학 등 여러 학자의 기호학 을 고찰하면서 이론적 체계를 정리했다. 세 번째로 전통적 분류방식에 대해 포커스 샘플링으로 취한 7개 유형의 문양기물 을 사례로 들어 해석방식이 아닌 추론방식의 기호학 이론을 원용하여 분석했다. 방법으로는 동물, 식물, 길상, 기하, 자연, 음양사상 등 전통분류 소재에서 포커스 샘플된 7개 전통문양을 기호학적으로 분석한 결과, 단순히 불로장생과 악귀퇴치, 자손번창을 기원하는 상징성만이 존재하는 것이 아니라 시지각적으로 체험되는 고상함, 자유, 활동성, 관능성 등 조형적 특 성이 의미복합체로 내재되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 전통문양이 기호로서의 문양, 대상으로서의 기물, 해석소로서의 상 징성과 함께 이데올로기로서의 신화인 1차성, 민간설화이야기의 2차성, 조형적 미의식의 3차성의 기호를 가지고 있는 것으 로 분석된다. 3차성의 기호는 전통문양의 재해석부분으로 현대생활에서 문화상품개발에 활용할 수 있는 디자인가이드라인 을 제시했다.

Heumgyeonggaknu is a water-hammering type automatic water clock which was made by Jang Yeong-Sil in 1438. The water clock that is located in Heumgyeonggaknu consists of Suho which is equipped with 2-stage overflow. Constant water wheel power is generated by supplying a fixed amount of water of Suho to Sususang, and this power is transferred to each floor at the same time. The 1st floor rotation wheel of Gasan consists of the operation structure which has the shape of umbrella ribs. The 2nd floor rotation wheel is made so that the 12 hour signal, Gyeong-Jeom signal, and Jujeon constitute a systematic configuration. The 3rd floor rotation wheel is made so that the signal and rotation of Ongnyeo and four gods can be accomplished. Based on the above conceptual design, this paper analyzed the internal signal generation and power transmission of Heumgyeonggaknu.