The well observed 8 open clusters, NGC 6530, 2264, 654, 129, 2168, Pleiades, Praesepe and Hyades were selected on the basis of photometric observation and proper motion study. The luminosity functions (LF) and mass functions (MF) of these clusters are different with cluster age and they could be divided into three age groups (t< 10 7 yrs, 10 7 10 8 yrs, 10 8 10 9 yrs). From these LF's and MF's, the mean LF and MF of the open clusters are derived and these functions suggest the time-dependent initial mass function (IMF) and the variation of observed MF with cluster age.

This study examines the grammaticalization processes from displacement verbs peli- and chiwu-, denoting removal to auxiliary verbs, with special focus on their development into stance markers. In the development to the auxiliary verbs, the verbs in question reveals some tendency. With the help of corpus, we will focus on their frequency in the development to functional markers. Unlike other works previously done on the same displacement verbs, this study is meaningful because this study is implemented in a quantitative approach. We employed the four-stage scenario (Heine 2002) to explain the meaning change from the physical verbs to the auxiliary verbs via sequential verb constructions. Also, this paper contradicts one argument of Strauss (2002) on the verb peli-, giving counter examples.