This study was conducted to investigate the dietary adaptation and use of the university foodservice (UF) in Korea according to the residence period of foreign students. The average length of residence in Korea of t he subjects was 8.2 months. The period of residence was divided into quartiles: 1-4 months in the first quartile (average 2.2 months), 5-7 months in the second quartile (average 6.3 months), 8 months in the third quartile, and 9-66 months in the fourth quartile (average 18.3 months). The regularity of meals tended to be the highest in the 1st quartile and lowest in the 2nd quartile and then increased in the 3rd and 4th quartiles. The frequency of consumption of delivery food and convenience store food was lowest in the first quartile and highest in the second quartile and then decreased with the period of residence. The frequency of night eating increased according to the period of residence after the second quartile. The degree of adaptation to Korean foods was highest in the first quartile. The use of the university cafeteria was significantly higher in the 1st and 4th quartiles than in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). The satisfaction with the UF decreased as the residence period increased. Based on these results, since international students are very positive and try to adapt to the dietary life in Korea in their early years of studying in Korea, it would be desirable to intensively support them to adjust to their dietary life at this time. In addition, since it takes about 18 months or more to assimilate the Korean food culture and show positive changes, it is necessary to continuously operate the Korean food culture adaptation program for international students over this period.

This study was conducted to investigate dietary adaptations and use of university foodservice in Korea according to the religion of international students. The survey was conducted from April to June in 2017 and included 609 subjects studying at a university in Busan. Muslims showed the highest percentage of eating three meals per day (42.4%) but the highest rate of eating unbalanced meals (64.7%) and midnight meals (41.8%). The most frequent problematic eating habit among Buddhists was irregular mealtimes (46.0%). Adaptation frequency to Korean diet was lowest among Muslims and highest among Christians. Securing halal foods was difficult for Muslims in Korea, and demand for halal foods as a school restaurant menu was high. The response rate for experiencing Korean food at university foodservice was highest among Christians (79.7%) and lowest among Muslims (45.3%). The main reason for not using university foodservice for Muslims was “no menu to eat” for religious reasons, and other religious groups cited “lack of menu variety.” Preferred types and recipes of meats, fish, and vegetables also showed significant differences according to religion. As a result, efforts should be made to increase adaptation to life abroad in Korea, including changes in university foodservice management, considering the religious characteristics of international students.

This study was undertaken to examine the dietary adaptation in Korea, and utilization of university foodservice (UF), according to the nationality of foreign students. The survey was conducted from April to June in 2017, and included 604 subjects studying in a university in Busan. The questionnaire was designed to examine the adaptability to Korean food and the consumption of UF. The nationalities included students from China (63.4%), Vietnam (13.2%), Central Asia (8.9%), Southeast Asia (5.0%), and others (9.4%). Vietnamese and Southeast Asians showed higher adaptation to Korean food than Chinese or Central Asians. The degree of contribution of UF to diet was highest amongst the Chinese, followed by Vietnamese. The main reason for not consuming UF for the Chinese and Southeast Asians was ‘lack of menu variety’, and for Central Asians was ‘no menu that can be eaten, including due to religious reasons’. In order to improve UF, all groups asked for increased ‘variety of menu’, and Vietnamese and Southeast Asians also asked for ‘decrease in price’. In meat, fish, and vegetable menus, there were significant differences in the types and recipes of foods preferred, as per the nationality. These results indicate that different approaches by considering the national characteristics are required, to help international students adapt to Korean food, and to increase their consumption of UF.

Despite the rapid increase in the number of foreign students, there has been a lack of research to help them adapt to Korean food culture and develop healthy eating habits. This study examined the dietary habits and problems of foreign students studying in universities of Korea. Although 97.0% of the 604 people surveyed live in dormitories, the visiting rate of the school cafeteria was low. In addition, only 30.2% of them ate three meals a day, and the frequency of eating midnight snack and convenience store foods was high. International students were positive about experiencing new Korean food, but food satisfaction in Korea was not high because of the difficulties in food selection due to religious problems and maladjustment to Korean sauces and seasonings. Information on Korean eating habits was obtained mainly from other foreign students from the same country (49.5%) and the Internet (33.8%), and there was very little interaction with Korean students at meals. The ratio of subjects who ate halal foods was 33.3%, and they were shown to have difficulty obtaining halal foods in Korea. Therefore, based on the results of this study, a support program should be developed in order to improve the dietary habits of international students.

Makgeolli is a health beneficial food for diabetes compared to other alcoholic beverages. We examined the effect of Makgeolli on blood glucose level and survival rate in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. We force fed 30 male STZ-induced diabetic ICR mice Makgeolli consisting of 6% alcohol (DM-MAK), 6% ethanol (DM-EtOH), or distilled water (DM-DW) for 4 weeks. In the DM-MAK group, food intake and water intake were higher than those of other groups after 4 weeks. Body weight, however, was not different among the experimental groups. We also found no significant difference in blood glucose level among the experimental groups. In normal ICR mice fed Makgeolli for 1 week, the area of the blood glucose curve was higher than those of other groups fed 6% ethanol, 2% glucose, or distilled water. Survival rates of STZ-induced diabetic mice fed Makgeolli, 6% ethanol, or DW for 4 weeks were 100%, 25%, and 62.5%, respectively. In conclusion, Makgeolli had no beneficial effect on blood glucose in a STZ-induced diabetic mouse model, although their survival rate was high. These results show that Makgeolli has an effect on type 1 diabetes through other mechanisms than blood glucose control.

The purpose of this study was to estimate usage of vitamin and mineral supplements as over-the-counter (VM-OTC) drugs as well as examine factors associated with VM-OTC usage in Korean adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high school in all parts of country were included in the analysis. Prevalence of VM-OTC usage was 56.1%, and it was higher as monthly income, father’s education level, and socioeconomic status of family increased (p<0.001). VMOTC intake was higher in middle school students than in high school students as well as in rural areas or small & mediumsized city residents than big city residents (p<0.01). Subjects mainly received information on VM-OTC mainly from ‘family and relatives’ (46.6%), whereas only 20.3% received information from experts. Subjects took VM-OTC ‘when they are healthy’ (49.1%), ‘when they feel sick’ (17.7%), ‘when they are on a diet’ (17.3%), and ‘when they are stressful’ (15.9%). The effectiveness of taking VM-OTC were mainly ‘fatigue recovery’ (35.0%), ‘health improvement’ (30.6%), and ‘nutritional status improvement’ (13.2%). The most frequently used VM-OTC was vitamin C (49.1%), multi-vitamins (18.6%), multi vitamins & minerals (13.2%), and calcium (9.2%). Among VM-OTC users, only 21.9% replied that they usually check the nutrition facts when they buy products, 62.4% follow the recommended dosage, and 9.7% fully understand the nutrition labels of the products. According to logistic regression analysis, the most influential factor affecting VM-OTC use was parents’ and siblings’ VM-OTC consumption (p<0.001). In addition, school type (middle or high school) (p<0.01), residence (p<0.05), self-concerns about health (p<0.05), father’s education level (p<0.05), and socioeconomic status of family (p<0.05) all influenced VM-OTC use. These results show that VM-OTC use is widespread among adolescents, few users actually check and fully understand the nutrition labels when they purchase VM-OTC, and they are highly dependent on unprofessional advice and information. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them select proper VM-OTC and read nutrition labels.

경북농업기술원 구미화훼시험장에서는 2003년 오렌지색의 스프레이 장미 ‘Illsse’를 모본으로, 밝은 보라색의스프레이 장미 ‘Heidi’를 부본으로 인공교배하여 양성한실생개체를 2005년에 1차 선발하고 2006년부터 2008년까지 3년 동안 생육특성검정을 실시하여 최종적으로 진한 분홍색 스프레이 장미 ‘Pink Grace’를 선발육성하였다. ‘Pink Grace’는 진한 분홍색의 스프레이 장미로 화형은 반고심형이고 꽃잎은 타원형이며 꽃 직경은 5.4cm,꽃잎 수 26매 이다. 연간 절화 수량은 116.7본/m2이고특히, 절화장이 60cm 이상인 상등품 수량이 41.7본으로대비품종 33.7본 보다 8본이 더 많았다. 절화 수명은12.8일 이고 소비자 기호도가 4.0으로 대비품종 ‘Pinocchio’의 3.8 보다 우수하였다.

경북농업기술원 구미화훼시험장에서 육성한 장미 ‘Hanaro Pink’ 는 분홍색의 ‘Noblesse’를 모본, 황색의 ‘Sahara’를 부본으로 2002년에 인공교배 한 후 2005년부터 2008년까지 4년간 특성검 정을 하여 2008년에 최종 선발되어 ‘Hanaro Pink’로 명명하였다. 분홍색 스탠다드 절화장미 ‘Hanaro Pink’는 화형이 고심형이고 가 시가 거의 없으며 연간 절화수량이 122.7본/m2이며, 절화장 64.0cm, 꽃직경 10.6cm, 줄기직경 6.3mm, 절화수명 13.7일이며 특히, 개화지 중간부의 가시가 아주 적어 취급이 용이하였다.

This study examines the grammaticalization processes from displacement verbs peli- and chiwu-, denoting removal to auxiliary verbs, with special focus on their development into stance markers. In the development to the auxiliary verbs, the verbs in question reveals some tendency. With the help of corpus, we will focus on their frequency in the development to functional markers. Unlike other works previously done on the same displacement verbs, this study is meaningful because this study is implemented in a quantitative approach. We employed the four-stage scenario (Heine 2002) to explain the meaning change from the physical verbs to the auxiliary verbs via sequential verb constructions. Also, this paper contradicts one argument of Strauss (2002) on the verb peli-, giving counter examples.

Discourse is the locus where the interlocutors negotiate the meaning of lexical items. This paper aims to develop a multifuctional profile of though as a discourse marker specially through the study of what functions a discourse marker though has. It is shown that though as a discourse marker is syntactically free and usually enclitic. Its basic use is to introduce a proposition that is contrary to expectation. It signals that the speaker is engaged in a particular speech act, especially of a face-threatening type, such as contradicting, correcting, or disagreeing with the previous speaker. It can serve function of introducing a new topic or subtopic as Barth-Weingarten and Couper-Kuhlen (2002) suggested as the function of the final though. In addition, the syntactic and semantic change of though is traced in light of grammaticalization. It claims that in the course of grammaticalization of though, some mechanisms are employed such as subjectification, generalization, persistence, divergence, and layering

The objective of this study was to map gene/QTL for photoblastism in a weedy rice (photoblastic rice: PBR) using DNA markers. Light-induced effect on germination of seeds was compared among three accessions (Oryza sativa L.), PBR, Milyang 23 and Ilpum. Results showed that PBR seeds started to show photoblastism during seed development, different from Ilpum and Milyang 23. Frequency distribution of germination in the F4 lines from crosses between Ilpum and PBR and, Milyang 23 and PBR revealed bimodal distributions suggesting that photoblastism was controlled by a few genes. Bulked segregant analysis using F4 populations derived from the above two crosses was conducted to identify gene/QTL for photoblastism. Two QTL were identified on chromosomes 1 and 12 explaining 11.2 and 12.8% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Two QTL were further mapped between two SSR markers, RM8260 and RM246 on chromosome 1, and between RM270 and 1103 on chromosome 12. It is noteworthy that two QTL for photoblastism were colocalized with the QTL for seed dormancy reported in the previous QTL studies. The clustering of two genes for photoblastism and dormancy possibly indicates that these regions constitute rice phytochrome gene clusters related to germination. Because PBR has a low degree of dormancy, a pleiotropic effect of a single gene controlling dormancy and photoblastism can be ruled out. The linked markers will provide the foundation for positional cloning of the gene.