The present study describes Philodromus paiki sp. nov., which was previously misidentified as P. fuscomarginatus (De Geer, 1778), P. poecilus (Thorell, 1872), and P. spinitarsis Simon, 1895 in Korea, as a new species with diagnosis, detailed descriptions, and taxonomic photographs. Additionally, P. spinitarsis is also described to correct previous misidentifications of Korean records of the species.

A male Spheropistha melanosoma Yaginuma, 1957 from Korea in the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 is described with measurements and morphological photos of the diagnostic characteristics. This species was collected with a sweep net around arable lands in a mountainous mixed forest during the investigation of spider fauna on Ulleungdo Island in 2019.

Two species of the genus Oxytate L. Koch, 1878 have been recorded in Korea to date. The spider fauna was surveyed in the mountainous terrain of Mt. Hallasan National Park in 2019. A female of Oxytate lobia sp. nov. was collected with a sweep net between shrubs in mixed forests during a seasonal spider survey and is described with measurements, morphological illustrations, and a diagnosis. The new species can be easily distinguished from similar species within the genus by the long copulatory duct conjugated with a spermatheca, a pair of triangular pits at the bottom, and no ditches.

Two linyphiid spiders, Saitonia kawaguchikonis Saito & Ono, 2001 and Asthenargus niphonius Saito & Ono, 2001 were confirmed from Korea for the first time. Males of S. kawaguchikonis and a female of A. niphonius were collected with pitfall traps in a leaf litter of mixed forests in three National Parks (Hallyeohaesang National Park, Mt. Naejangsan, and Mt. Sobaeksan) during the seasonal surveys for the spider fauna in mountainous terrain from 2018 to 2020. These two species were formerly known from China and Japan, or only from Japan, respectively. The present study describes these two species with measurements, morphological illustrations, and a distribution map. This report adds the genus Asthenargus Simon & Fage, 1922 from Korea to the Korean spider fauna for the first time.

Arcuphantes catillus n. sp., a new species of the genus Arcuphantes Chamberlin and Ivie, 1943 is described from Korea. The present species is distinguishable from its known similar congeners by a conspicuous proximal process and a blunt lateral process of the paracymbium, feathery tipped lamellar extension of the pseudolamella, and bowl-like posterior part of radix. The present new species was collected from the leaf litter layer of mixed forest on a hillock around rice fields with a pitfall trap.

Rose is one of the most economically important ornamental crops worldwide. Although rose products are widely used, limited genetic and genomic data from this species is available. Fundamental genetic knowledge can accelerate the development of superior rose germplasms. In the present study, we explored the genetic data (e.g., chromosome numbers, total chromosome length, and ploidy level) of 39 rose cultivars using conventional cytogenetic methods. Of the 39 rose cultivars tested, 36 (92.3%) were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28). ‘Rosada,’ ‘Rosemarin,’ and ‘Hanmaum’ were diploid (2n = 2x = 14), triploid (2n = 3x =21), and tetraploid-based aneuploid (2n = 4x = 28 + 2), respectively. The total chromosome length ranged from 46.03 ± 0.55 μm in ‘Rosada’ (2x) to 138.51 ± 0.92 μm in ‘Christoper’ (4x). The chromosome information obtained in this study will be useful for rose breeding and germplasm evaluation.

Haplodrassus nojimai Kamura, 2007 of Gnaphosidae, which is only known in Japan was newly described in Korea with measurements and morphological illustrations. A female was collected from the levee of rice fields using a pitfall trap. The female epigynum has thick and remarkable transverse wrinkles and is densely covered with long blackish-gray hairs. The anterior hood was slightly rounded and the lateral margins were relatively short. The median septum was V-shaped with a broad base on the median part, and a pair of spermathecae was visible. The male is still unknown.

백합은 항산화, 항균효능 및 만성폐쇄성폐질환에도 효능이 있고, 비수리는 항균, 항산화, 항노화, 피부 미백, 피부 광노화 개선 효과 등의 다양한 약리적 효능이 있다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 백합 및 비수리를 열수와 20- 80% 주정으로 추출한 추출물을 대상으로 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드, 항산화 소거능을 조사하여 백합 추출물과 비수리 추출물의 혼합 비율을 선정하였으며, 혼합한 추출물을 이용하여 음료를 제조한 후 10, 25, 35oC에서 6개월 동안 저장하면서 조사포닌 및 총 플라보노이드 함량 변화 및 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 백합·비수리를 함유하는 음료를 각 온도별로 6개월 동안 저장한 후에 pH는 약간 감소하였으며, 산도는 약간 증가하였다. 저장 기간 중 당도와 고형분 함량은 크게 변화하지 않았다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 2개월 동안 저장하는 동안에는 초기의 활성과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 온도에 따라 4개월 후와 6개월 후에는 다소 감소하였다. 6개월 동안 저장하는 동안에 명도(L값)와 적색도(a값)는 큰 변화가 없었으나, 황색도(b값) 35oC에서 6개월 저장한 후에 약간 감소하였다. 조사포닌 함량은 저장 2개월까지는 큰 함량의 변화를 나타내지 않았으나, 저장 4개월과 6개월 후에는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 저장 1개월이 지났을 때 저장온도에 상관없이 약 1/2로 감소하였으며, 그 후 6개월까지 일정하게 유지되었다. 백합구근 추출물과 비수리 추출물을 함유한 음료는 6개월 동안 저장하는 동안에 일반세균과 대장균군은 검출되지 않았다.

인삼열매는 진세노사이드 함량이 인삼뿌리와 다르게 나타나며, 항 고혈당효과, 항암활성 등의 다양한 약리적 효능이 있다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인삼열매를 수확하여 Rb1 및 Rg1 등의 진세노사이드 함량이 풍부한 4회 증포 인삼열매와 Rg3를 포함한 총 진세노사이드 함량이 풍부한 7회 증포 인삼열매를 혼합하여 열수추출물과 에탄올 추출물을 얻었고, 이를 L. plantarum으로 발효시킨 추출물을 이용하여 액상 스틱을 제조한 후 10, 25, 35oC 에서 4개월 동안 저장하면서 진세노사이드 함량 변화 및 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 인삼열매 추출물을 함유하는 액상스틱을 35oC에서 4개월 동안 저장한 후에 pH는 4.81에서 3.81로 저하되었으나, 산도와 고형분 함량은 변화하지 않았다. DPPH 소거능은 10oC와 25oC에서 4개월 동안 저장했을 때 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았으나 35oC에서 4개월 저장했을 때 크게 감소하였다. L값(명도)와 b값(황색도)는 저장기간 동안 감소하였으나, a값(적색도)는 변화 하지 않았다. Rg1, Rb1, F2, Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rg5 등 6종류의 총 진세노사이드 함량은 10, 25, 35oC에서 4개월 동안 저장하는 동안에 큰 변화가 없었으며, 일반세균과 대장균군도 검출되지 않았다.

Four new species of the genus Alloclubionoides collected from mountain litter and hillock litter around the agricultural ecosystem of Korea are described in the present work with appropriate body measurements and morphological illustrations; A. hwaseongensis sp. nov., A. imi sp. nov., A. namhansanensis sp. nov. and A. nasuta sp. nov. Females of A. hwaseongensis sp. nov., A. namhansanensis sp. nov. and A. nasuta sp. nov. can be distinguished based on the epigyne shape and structure of internal genitalia from previously described species. Males of A. imi sp. nov. can also be distinguished based on the shapes of retrolateral tibial apophysis, embolus tip and conductor from previously described species. Also, a key to the Korean Alloclubionoides spiders is provided. Alloclubionoides gajiensis Seo, 2014 is newly synonymized with Alloclubionoides cochlea (Kim et al. 2007).

한국고유종인 밭고랑거미과의 봉화밭고랑거미Agroeca bonghwaensis (Seo, 2011) 수컷을 측정치 및 형태학적 도해와 함께 처음으로 기재한다. 봉화밭고랑거미의 수컷은 A. brunnea (Blackwall, 1833) 수컷의 더듬이다리기관과 유사하나 끝부분이 뭉뚝한 후측면돌기와 기부가 넓고 끝부분이 넓은 갈고리 모양의 중부돌기로 쉽게 구분된다.

This studies was conducted to compare functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods in commercial apple orchards under conventional and organic practices. We collected terrestiral arthropods using pitfall traps in four conventional and seven organic apple orchards from April to October, 2012-2014. Sampled arthropods were identified at the species level and then classified three functional groups (detritivores, herbivores and beneficial arthropods included pollinators, parasitoids and predators). Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and shannon index for each group and compared between conventional and organic orchards. In results, species richness of detritivores and benefical arthropods were higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards (detritivores: t=-2.68, df=9, P=0.03; beneficial arthropods: t=-3.98, df=9, P=0.003). Organic orchards showed significant difference at abundance of beneficial arthropods (t=-3.33, df=9, P=0.008) and higher shannon index at detritivores (t=-2.36, df=9, P=0.04) than conventional orchards. However, all biodiversity indices of herbivores were not significantly different between conventional and organic orchards at 95% confidence level.

This study was conducted to investigate the distributional characteristics of ground beetles and to provide basis information for biodiversity management including the ground beetles in the Naejangsan National Park area. Pitfall traps were installed throughout 20 sites within Naejangsan National Park during 2008 to 2011 to collect ground beetles. A total of 2,409 collected ground beetles were identified with 35 species belonging to 19 genera of 8 subfamilies. Coptolabrus jankowskii jankowskii, Eucarabus sternbergi sternbergi, and Pterosticus audax were dominant at the core area, while Pheropsophus jessoensis, Synuchus nitidus, Synuchus cycloderus, and Chlaenius naeviger were dominant at the border of the National Park and adjacent to the road or grassland. These differences of dominant species also affected to the similarity of species composition between core and border area, and caused increasing dissimilarities between sites with cluster analysis. Although the result of the present study was a case study using ground beetles, it will be helpful to develop a management strategy of biodiversity conservation in Naejangsan National Park and its surroundings.

This studies was conducted to define community structure and diversity of epigeal spiders in apple orchards under different farming practices (organic and conventional). In 11 commercial apple orchards, epigeal spider community structure was investigated during 2012-2014 (3 orchards, 2012; 3 orchards, 2013, 5 orchards, 2014). Epigeal spiders were collected by pitfall traps from April to October, 2012 in Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do; 2013 in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do; 2014 in Cheongsong-gun and Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Sampled spiders were identified to the species level. Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness (total numbers of spider species), abundance (total numbers of individuals) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H΄) for each site and compared between organic and conventional orchards. In all regions, abundance of the spider communities were relatively higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards. But, no significant difference in species richness and specie diversity (H΄) between organic and conventional orchards. Lycosidae was the most dominant family in all orchards regardless farming practices. However, Linyphiidae dominated in organic orchards only. The most dominant species were Pardosa laura (Lycosidae), Erigone koshiensis (Linyphiidae) in organic, Piratula procurvus (Lycosidae) in conventional orchards.