Interspecific hybridization is a fundamental strategy in ornamental plant breeding, which enables the combination of desirable traits. In Lilium, complex hybrids, including longiflorum-Asiatic (LA) and Oriental-Trumpet (OT) cultivars, have been extensively developed via interspecific crosses between distantly related genome groups. However, the genomic structure and chromosomal behavior of these commercially important hybrids are largely uncharacterized. In this study, we applied genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to eight triploid LA and OT lily cultivars to evaluate their chromosomal composition, assess their genome stability, and explore the utility of GISH as a practical cultivar verification tool. Flow cytometry and somatic chromosome counting confirmed the triploid status (2n = 3x = 36) of all the assessed cultivars. GISH analysis also revealed distinct parental chromosome sets in the background of each hybrid, with no evidence of intergenomic translocations or recombination. The LA cultivars exhibited 12 chromosomes derived from L. longiflorum and 24 from Asiatic parents, whereas the OT cultivars demonstrated 12 chromosomes of Oriental hybrid origin and 24 derived from Trumpet hybrids. This consistent non-recombinant genomic structure across all the cultivars strongly supports somatic polyploidization as the primary mechanism underlying their development. The suppression of homoeologous recombination underscores the cytogenetic stability of these hybrids and supports their clonal maintenance through vegetative propagation. Furthermore, these findings validate GISH as an effective tool for cultivar verification and chromosomal assessment in ornamental plant breeding and reinforce the importance of cytogenetic profiling for the development and management of interspecific hybrids.

This study investigated the growth dynamics of Lilium miquelianum bulb scales cultured in four different media formulations: Full Murashige-Skoog (FMS), Half Murashige-Skoog (HMS), Anderson Vitamin (AV), and Knudson Vitamin (KV). Bulb scales were collected from native populations on Jeju Island, Korea, and cultured in vitro for 12 weeks. Growth parameters, including bulb area and scale count, were measured at 3-week intervals. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in growth rates across media types and time points. FMS consistently demonstrated the highest growth rates and final bulb area and scale count, while KV exhibited the lowest performance. Heatmap analysis showed that FMS achieved the highest weekly growth rates in most time points, with HMS showing comparable performance during early growth stages. Individual sample growth rates varied within media, highlighting the influence of both external and internal factors on growth. Correlation analysis revealed a positive association between bulb size and scale quantity, with FMS exhibiting the strongest relationship. These findings emphasize the importance of appropriate media selection for optimal L. miquelianum propagation, with FMS being the most suitable for extended cultivation. This research provides valuable insights for improving propagation efficiency and conservation efforts of L. miquelianum.

Polyploidization, or genome doubling, has a significant impact on plant speciation and adaptation, and it is commonly used in agriculture to improve crop traits. In this study, we investigated the induction of polyploidy in three wild Allium species native to Korea: A. senescens and A. spirale Willd. and A. taquetii, using colchicine treatments tailored to meet specific experimental requirements. By avoiding tissue culture methods, we developed a more accessible, cost-effective, and scalable approach to polyploidization. Our research demonstrated that polyploid Allium plants exhibit distinct phenotypic changes, such as reduced growth rates and increased stomatal size. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting confirmed the successful induction of polyploidy, with clear peaks indicating double DNA content and stable chromosome numbers in polyploid plants. The presence of B chromosomes in A. spirale Willd. following polyploidization suggest interesting genetic dynamics. Despite the initial growth lags, polyploid plants may offer enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and resilience under optimal conditions. This study highlights the potential of polyploidization to improve ornamental traits in Allium species, thereby contributing to the diversification and sustainability of ornamental plant offerings. Future research should focus on the long-term performance and ecological adaptability of polyploid Allium species to fully harness their horticultural potential.

백합 종간 교잡종은 다양한 교배 방법에 의해 생산되어지 고 있다. 그러나 이들 종간 교잡종은 대부분 불임이다. 2n gametes는 백합에서 종간 교잡종 F1의 불임을 극복할 수 있 을 뿐 아니라 우수한 유전형질을 지닌 2n과의 교배에 이용할 수 있고 후대 다양한 유전형질을 기대할 수 있다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 가장 효과적으로 2n gametes를 생산할 수 있는 방법을 구축하기 위하여 백합 Oriental hybrids ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’에 N2O를 처리하였다. 같은 Oriental 그룹 내 에서도 ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’는 화뢰 크기별 감수분열 시기가 달랐다. 감수분열 tetrad 시기에 염색체를 관찰한 결 과 sequential spindles, tripolar spindles에 의해 2가지 다른 형태가 관찰되었다. ‘Medusa’에서 2atm의 N2O를 처리 한 화뢰 길이 10~15mm와 20~25mm에서 monad, dyad, triad, tetrad가 관찰되었다. 그러나 4atm에서는 tetrad 이외에는 검경 되지 않았다. ‘Marco polo’의 경우 화뢰 길 이 10~15mm, 25~30mm 시기에 2, 4atm의 N2O를 12, 24 시간 동안 처리한 구에서 모두 dyad, triad가 관찰되었다. ‘Medusa’, ‘Marco Polo’ 모두 dyad, triad, tetrad가 관찰 된 시기는 대조구에서 interphase와 metaphase Ⅰ에 해당 하는 시기이다. 화분의 모양은 타원형으로 처리 전·후 변화가 없었으며 처리 후 화분의 크기는 n 보다 큰 화분뿐 아니라 작 은 화분도 관찰되어 전체적으로 다양했다. 화분의 임성과 발 아율은 처리구별로 차이가 없었으나 평균적으로 처리 후가 무처리구보다 임성은 약 10%, 발아는 약 20% 정도 떨어졌다. ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’를 이용하여 N2O를 처리한 것과 처리하지 않은 것을 정역 교배하였을 때 자방이 비대 되는 형 태가 2가지이었으나 처리 별 차이는 아니었다. 획득된 식물체 를 Flow cytometry로 검정한 결과, 무처리 ‘Marco Polo’와 2atm 24시간 32mm에 처리한 ‘Medusa’의 교배를 통해 하 나의 식물체에서 2배체와 3배체가 모두 나오는 mixoploid를 확인할 수 있었다. 그 외 실험을 통해 얻은 식물체 중에서 이 수체가 4개 발견되었다. 확실한 3배체를 가진 식물체는 관찰 할 수 없었다.

Echeveria is a genus belonging to the Crassulaceae family that comprises approximately 170 species. It is a representative plant known as a succulent with economic potential in the floriculture industry. Echeveria plants are widely distributed in dry environments and endemic to Mexico. These plants have a rosette formation and varied leaf colors and shapes, which are characteristics of interest for landscaping, cut flowers, or interior decoration. Given their range of locations in different climates or indoor conditions, it is important to have an understanding and knowledge of their leaf morphology and anatomy and how they function to provide optimum care and management. Owing to high demand in horticultural markets, many breeders have crossed their desired species. However, this method has progressively increased the number of species without proper records of parents or other natural unintended crossings, creating phylogenetic problems and identification issues. The use and understanding of phenotypes, anatomical data, and/or research to aid in taxonomic issues and improve cultural management practices have been reviewed and discussed in this paper. In this review, we have provided a brief background of Echeveria species, focusing on the challenges and studies that have attempted to address these issues.

The purpose of the study is to assess morphological and chromosomal comparison of Mini type Phalanopsis ‘KS Little Gem’ and four domestic market available cultivars (‘Queen Beer’, ‘Tony Pink’, ‘Vaviche’ and ‘Rorens’). ‘KS Little Gem’ had the highest number of leaves (14.9), while the other four types had fewer than ten. The longest leaf length was 21.5㎝ for ‘Tony Pink’, followed by 16.2㎝, 18.0㎝ and 17.5㎝ for ‘Queen Beer’, ‘Rorens’ and ‘Vaviche’ respectively. The length and width of the petals of ‘KS Little Gem’ were 29.5㎜ and 25.6㎜ respectively indicating a round shape flower compared to other cultivars. When the flower lifespan of ‘KS Little Gem’ was compared to four cultivars of the domestic market, it was found that it had a 123-day shelf life, which was twice longer than that of the four cultivars. According to chromosome analysis ‘KS Little Gem’, ‘Rorens’, ‘Tony Pink,' and ‘Vaviche’ were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 76) while ‘Queen Beer’ was diploid (2n = 2x = 38). The estimated DNA content of ‘KS Little Gem’, ‘Rorens’, ‘Tony Pink’ and ‘Vaviche’ had 4918.4, 4794.2, 4705.2 and 4964.3 Mbp respectively, which were roughly double than that of P. cornu-cervi (control, 2n = 2x = 38). However, ‘Queen Beer’, had an estimated DNA content of 2802.2Mbp, similar to that of P. cornu-cervi. The morphological features, genome size and chromosomal data reported in these studies can be used by breeders to create more efficient Phalaenopsis breeding programs.

Phalaenopsis ‘KS Little Gem’ is a new cultivar with superior ornamental qualities. Newly produced cultivars are often studied to determine the optimum growing conditions, as production management practices vary within species. We focused on the effects of temperature and fertilizer application on the growth and carbohydrate content of ‘KS Little Gem’ plantlets. Two-month-old plantlets were subjected to different temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and fertilizer rates (0.33, 0.5, and 1 g･L-1) inside a growth chamber. Data were collected from leaves and roots regarding their growth, fresh weight, sugar content, and starch content. The results revealed that temperature significantly affected leaves and roots parameters, fresh weight, and carbohydrate content of the plantlets. However, fertilizer rates alone showed no significant effects on the growth and carbohydrate content of plantlets. The highest leaf and root growth, root fresh weight, and leaf carbohydrate content were observed in plantlets subjected to 25°C. In addition, ‘KS Little Gem’ plants grown under 30°C had significantly inhibited growth and reduced carbohydrate content in both the leaves and roots.

Rose is one of the most economically important ornamental crops worldwide. Although rose products are widely used, limited genetic and genomic data from this species is available. Fundamental genetic knowledge can accelerate the development of superior rose germplasms. In the present study, we explored the genetic data (e.g., chromosome numbers, total chromosome length, and ploidy level) of 39 rose cultivars using conventional cytogenetic methods. Of the 39 rose cultivars tested, 36 (92.3%) were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28). ‘Rosada,’ ‘Rosemarin,’ and ‘Hanmaum’ were diploid (2n = 2x = 14), triploid (2n = 3x =21), and tetraploid-based aneuploid (2n = 4x = 28 + 2), respectively. The total chromosome length ranged from 46.03 ± 0.55 μm in ‘Rosada’ (2x) to 138.51 ± 0.92 μm in ‘Christoper’ (4x). The chromosome information obtained in this study will be useful for rose breeding and germplasm evaluation.