This research is aiming to develop generic attractants for lepidopteran pests that can be used as a control tool for environmentally friendly management against the lepidopteran pests in orchards. During the first year of this research we carried out various trapping experiments in apple orchards in Korea. Field trapping experiments were carried out at two apple orchards in UaiSung-Gun, GyungBuk Province during May – September 2010, using different rice wines and fruit-based fermenting baits. Overall, when six major moth pest species(Grapholita molesta, Carposina sasakii, Adoxophyes orana, Choristoneura longicellana, Archippus breviplicanus, Phyllonorycter ringoniella) in apple orchards were counted, 445 moths were captured in raw material-baited traps and 1,566 moths in sex pheromone-baited traps. There were no clear differences in the attractiveness to the moths between different kinds of rice wines and fruit baits when the attractiveness of fifteen different rice wines and seven fermenting fruit baits were compared in the apple orchards. One rice wine (‘Chung-ju’ rice wine) and fermenting pineapple showed somewhat higher attractiveness to G. molesta than other raw baits, which will be re-examined in 2011 – 2012 periods.

This study investigates the interpretation of scopally ambiguous sentences involving a universally quantified direct object NP and negation (e.g., The boy didn’t eat every cookie) from a processing perspective. Using an online truth-value judgment task implemented with a self-paced reading technique, data were collected from native Korean speakers, native English speakers, and Korean L2 learners of English. The results indicate that native Korean speakers strongly preferred the full set interpretation (every > not). In contrast, native English speakers strongly preferred the partitioned set interpretation (not > every). L2 learners showed a developmental divergence according to the learners’ L2 proficiency; the low proficiency group showed a strong preference for the full set interpretation, whereas the advanced L2 learners showed no preference for either of the patterns. The main findings were examined within the framework outlined by O’Grady (2005), who proposes that the nature and acquisition of scopal contrasts are best understood with reference to the operation of an efficiency-based processor.

We explored the transporting processes for the Asian dust observed over South Korea. The frequency of Asian dust days (ADDs) were used to analyze the associations of the ADDs with land surface conditions over the four source regions, including inner-Mongolia, the Gobi Desert, Manchuria, and Loess Plateau, and atmospheric synoptic variables over central and eastern Asia. Precipitation and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) in the source regions during the previous summer were negatively correlated with the ADDs in South Korea. Statistically and physically more significant processes were found in the associations of atmospheric synoptic conditions with the ADDs. The intensified winds of northwesterly-northerlynorthwesterly over a pathway of the Asian dust from the source regions to South Korea were identified during high ADDs years in South Korea. A dipole pattern of anti-cyclonic and cyclonic anomalies over central and eastern Asia, respectively, supported the Asian dust pathway.