This study was aimed to examine inorganic fouling and fouling reduction method in direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD) process. Synthetic seawater of NaCl solution with CaCO3 and CaSO4 was used for this purpose. It was found in this study that both CaCO3 and CaSO4 precipitates formed at the membrane surface. More fouling was observed with CaSO4(anhydrite) and CaSO4･0.5H2O(bassanite) than CaSO4･2H2O(gypsum). CaCO3 and gypsum were detected at the membrane surface when concentrates of SWRO(seawater reverse osmosis) were treated by the DCMD process, while gypsum was found with MED(multi effect distillation) concentrates. Air backwash(inside to out) was found more effective in fouling reduction than air scouring.

Insecticidal toxicities of the isolated constituent of Eucalyptus dives oil and its analogues were bioassayed. 3-Carvomenthenone was isolated by chromatographic techniques and determined by EI-MS, 13C-NMR,1H-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and HMQC. In the fumigant bioassay against P. interpunctella, cyclohexenone exhibited the strongest insecticidal toxicity (LD50 against larvae and adults, 2.45 and 3.63 μg/cm3), followed by methylcyclohexenone, seudenone, and 3-carvomenthenone. In the structure-activity relationships between 3-carvomenthenone analogues and insecticidal toxicity, the mode of the insecticidal action of 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone was through the dermal organs of T. castaneum and P. interpunctella. This study indicates that 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone have potential capacity for the development as safety natural agents to control the stored grain insects.

The essential oils of three Coriandrum sativum seeds cultivated from India, Russia and America were evaluated for acaricidal toxicities against Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The oils of three C. sativum seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography. The oil of C. sativum seeds cultivated from India included substantially linalool (66.8%) and camphor (6.46%). In the fumigant bioassay, based on the LD50 values against D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and T. putrescentiae, the oil of C. sativum seeds cultivated from America (LD50, 2.62, 2.74, and 2.88 μg/cm3) was about 3.75, 3.32, and 4.17 times more active higher than benzyl benzoate (9.85, 9.10 and, 12.01 μg/cm3). The acaricidal activity of the oil of C. sativum seeds cultivated from India was 2.27, 2.03, and 2.64 times higher than that of the benzyl benzoate, followed by Russia oil. These results suggest that the oils of three C. sativum seeds might be used as suitable acaricides.