The legacies of Tokyo Trial have been overlooked and questioned partly because prosecuting aggression was allegedly a violation of the principle of legality. This essay argues that the trial should not be overlooked for this reason because the legality debate at the trial provides insights into the interplay between the principle of legality and sources of international criminal law. Besides the majority judgment, some minority opinions could shed light on the nature of the Tokyo Charter by distinguishing between jurisdiction and applicable law and link the issue to the legality challenge. Although the Tokyo Charter was formally different from the Nuremberg Charter, both of them are substantive in nature so that the tribunals were allowed not to address the legality challenge. In addition, prosecuting aggression was arguably not a violation of the principle of legality because this principle, at that time, did not bind ex post facto legislation against international crimes committed during World War II.

In recent years, China initiated Big Data strategies and put forward a series of legislative proposals with regard to the regulation and utilization of Big Data technology. However, academics have not reached consensus to fundamental questions such as data ownership and protection approaches yet. The intrinsic contradiction lies in the difference of values between Big Data which emphasizes “open and sharing” and intellectual property law that protects monopoly interests. This article seeks to conceptualize Big Data in a dynamic approach with an aim to frame the dialogue for further discussion. Through analyzing whether current intellectual property laws in China serve a solid base for promoting the development of big data technology, it proposes that, in order to address regulatory impracticality of Big Data, certain statutory amendments are necessary. However, regarding the revolutionized proposition of creating a “database right” or alleging “Big Data as an object of intellectual property law,” this research recommends a modest and restrained approach.

Four shear-deficient reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimens with different shear span ratios were tested using a well-instrumented drop-weight impact machine to gain a better understanding of the effect of shear span ratio on impact behavior of RC beams strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP). The results demonstrated that the shear span ratio could change the failure modes for strengthened specimens and also affect the impact resistance.

This study is focused on three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips under impact loading. The validity of the model was assessed through the comparison with experimental results obtained from drop-weight impact tests of the authors. The well agreement proves the feasibility of the proposed numerical analysis method.