본 연구는 항균 활성을 지니는 식물추출물을 찾고 화장품에서 방부제로서 적용하기 위해 진행되었다. 디스크 확산법(disk diffusion method)을 통해 3가지 식물 추출물, 함박꽃나무(천녀목란, Magnolia sieboldii), 오배자(Rhus chinensis), 메타세콰이어(Metasequioa glyptostroboides)가 항균활성을 지니고 있음을 확인하였다. 세 물질의 최소저해농도 (MIC)를 측정한 결과 메타세콰이어는 0.3 ∼ 0.35 %, 함박꽃나무는 0.35 ∼ 0.4 % 농도에서 곰팡이의 생장을 억제하고 오배자는 0.45 ∼ 0.5 % 농도에서 세균의 생장을 억제함을 확인하였다. 또한 추출물 내의 항균 활성을 지니는 성분을 분리하여 분석한 결과 메타세콰이어에서 분리한 caryophyllene oxide와 caryophyllene, 함박꽃나무에서 분리한 costunolide와 dehydrocostus lactone, 오배자에서 분리한 ethyl gallate, ethyl-3-gallate 등이 항균활성을 지닌 물질임을 확인하였다. O/W 에멀션 제형에서 식물 추출물을 넣고 방부력을 확인한 결과 혼합사용 시 세균과 곰팡이 모두에 대한 방부효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 함박꽃나무, 오배자, 메타세콰이어 추출물의 혼합물은 기존의 화학 방부제를 대체할 천연 방부제로서 화장품에서 응용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The objective of this study was to rapidly evaluate fatty acids in a collection of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) of different origins so that this information could be disseminated to breeders to advance germplasm use and breeding. To develop the calibration equations for rapid and nondestructive evaluation of fatty acid content, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRs) spectra (1104-2494 nm) of samples ground into flour (n=100) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer. A modified partial least-squares model was developed to predict each component. For foxtail millet germplasm, our models returned coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.91, 0.89, 0.98 and 0.98 for strearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively. The prediction of the external validation set (n=10) showed significant correlation between references values and NIRs values (r2=0.97, 0.91, 0.99 for oleic, linoleic, and total fatty acids, respectively). Standard deviation/standard error of cross-validation (SD/SECV) values were greater than 3 (3.11, 5.45, and 7.50 for oleic, linoleic, and total fatty acids, respectively). These results indicate that these NIRs equations are functional for the mass screening and rapid quantification of the oleic, linolenic, and total fatty acids characterizing foxtail millet germplasm. Among the samples, IT153491 showed an especially high content of fatty acids (84.06 mg g-1), whereas IT188096 had a very low content (29.92 mg g-1).

Specialty barley extracts were prepared and investigated for its antioxidant activity and biological activity. Hunter L* values of the Iksan 86 extracts had higher than that of the Iksan 87 and Zasoojeongchal extracts. The extraction yields of Iksan 86, Iksan 87, and Zasoojeongchal was 8.08, 6.62, and 7.30%, respectively. The contents of total phenolic compounds of the Iksan 86, Iksan 87, and Zasoojeongchal extracts were 16.24, 15.51, and 13.95 GAE mg/g of sample, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Iksan 86, Iksan 87, and Zasoojeongchal extracts were 50.00, 33.27, and 7.56% at a 500 ppm, respectively. The samples showed an inhibition of xanthin oxidase. ACE inhibition effect of specialty barley extracts, Iksan 86, Iksan 87, and Zasoojeongchal, was 39.81, 41.06, and 27.78%, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibition rates (%) of Iksan 86, Iksan 87, and Zasoojeongchal extracts were 26.21, 24.57, and 20.00%, respectively. Results indicated that specialty barley extracts possesses various biological activities including antioxidative capacity, xanthin oxidase inhibition activity, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity, and tyrosinase inhibition activity.

Phytic acid, myo-inositol (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)-hexakisphosphate, is a material that plants store phosphorus in seeds. Phytic acid is classified as an antinutrient because of indigestibility. Non-ruminant animals, such as human and swine, excrete unavailable phytic acid. The unavailable phytic acid run off to ground water, river, sea, causing eutrophication as a factor. Accordingly, low-phytic acid crops draw the attention due to both nutritional and environmental reasons. Using more than 900 Glycine accessions including G. max, G. soja and G. gracillis, colormetric method was applied for detecting low-phytic acid mutant. Two hundred fifty accessions were screened by the colormetric method so far, but no mutant was identified. Screening of mutants with the rest 710 accessions is in progress. MIPS1 (D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase) is considered as gene related to phytic acid content in soybean. Also, lpa1 (Zea mays low phytic acid 1) known as controlling phytic acid content in maize was recently reported that homologs of lpa1 were responsible for phytic acid content in soybean and located on linkage groups L and N (Chromosomes 19 and 3). After primers were designed from these three candidate genes for phytic acid content, identification of genes responsible for low phytic acid and investigation of genetic variation among 960 accessions will be performed as further study.

Expressed sequence taqs (ESTs) have accepted to be a valuable tool for discovering single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in many species. For detection putative SNPs in soybean genome, approximately 90,000 EST sequences from genotype Williams 82 were downloaded from NCBI. The paralog sequences of these ESTs were distinguished by TGI clustering tools (TGICL) performing megablast and EST cluster analysis, and the EST clusters were used as reference sequences for detection putative SNPs by in silico. The EST clusters were aligned with EST sequence from other cultivars of soybean by Polybase (computer software). The results revealed that putative SNPs were distributed in 5,677 clusters with frequency of 1 SNP per 333 nucleotide sites. For SNP validation, 43 primer pairs were designed from EST clusters containing putative SNPs for sequencing genomic DNA of Williams 82, Harosoy, Peking, Pureunkong, Jinpumkong 2, Hwangkeumkong and IT182932. From results of sequencing PCR, we totally found 99 SNPs from 33 primer pairs. Twenty-three and 47 out of 99 SNPs showed polymorphisms between Pureunkong and Jinpumkong 2, and Hwangkeumkong and IT182932, respectively. The SNPs discovered from this study can be used for genetic mapping in the four genotypes of soybean.

The control of earliness has an agronomic importance since it reduces growing and harvesting time. Earliness is controlled by multiple genes in multiple pathways and influenced by the environment. In Arabidopsis thaliana, many earliness related genes were identified. Among them, Arabidopsis Frigida (FRI) gene confers late flowering phenotype, which is reversed to earliness by vernalization. Blast search using FRI against soybean EST database at TIGR identified Isoflavone reductase-like gene (TC217830). Fifty seven SNPs were identified in a total of 4,242 bp lengths in genomic region of Isoflavone reductase-like from 62 soybean genotypes (31 early maturity group and 31 late maturity group). From the obtained sequences, we identified 6 haplotypes of Isoflavone reductase-like gene. Among them, three haplotypes showed a significant association with maturity, suggesting that Isoflavone reductase-like gene is tightly linked to flowering time or actual gene it-self. Thus, to delimit a putative genomic region for maturity and flowering time, SSR markers near Isoflavone reductase-like gene were designed and analyzed for their genetic diversity, assuming that highly selected regions might posses lower genetic diversity. Through these experiments, the region related to maturity and flowering was delimited to nearby ac_satc_4 in scaffold 16.

MADS-box genes encode a family of transcription factors which involve in diverse developmental processes in flowering plants. Because flowering time determines the timing of transition from vegetative to reproductive stage and time to harvest, it would be a significant trait not only to plant it-self but also to breeders. The sequences and gene structures of Arabidopsis MADS-box genes are conserved in model legumes. However, complex genome structure, in soybean, makes it difficult to identify actual genes related to flowering and maturity, although QTL researches have been generally conducted. Therefore, we hypothesized that putative MADS-box genes around the flowering time and maturity QTLs would be candidate genes for those loci. In this study, after surveying 84 QTLs highly associated with maturity and flowering, the QTLs were selected if they were located near 473 putative MADS-box genes. Finally, we found the highly associated 16 SNPs at non-coding region of the putative MADS-box gene around the QTL in 28 late maturity cultivars and 28 early maturity cultivars. Furthermore, by comparing genetic diversity in the cultivated soybeans of late and early maturity groups as well as 20 wild soybeans, selection pattern during domestication was predicted.