Doxorubicin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, were found rapidly undergo morphological and biochemical changes via discrete effector signaling pathways consistent with the occurrence of apoptosis of oocyte, and a little known is actions of this drug in early embryos. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a DNA repair enzyme, also plays the important role during the apoptosis of cell. The cleavage of PARP by caspase-3 inactivates it and inhibits PARP's DNA-repairing abilities. Cleaved PARP (cPARP) can be a marker of apoptosis.Doxorubicin inhibited the early embryo development, but the treatment could still reach the BL (blastocyst) stagethat suggested that involved in DNA synthesis and repaired progress. Herein, the higher expression of PARP family shown especially in 2, 4 cell stagy. There was evidence of expression of Caspase3 and Bcl2l1 during embryogenesis (2 cell, 4 cell, morula and BL stage), suggesting that modulationsof apoptosis-related genes and PARP were cause by DXR. Furthermore, the effect of doxorubicin on early embryo development was assessed different stage rates, and apoptosis index also conformed doxorubicin modulate embryo development by regulating apoptosis- related genes and PARP family genes. In conclusion, Doxorubicin blocked pre- implantation development in early mouse embryos by altering apoptosis-related gene expression and inactivating DNA repair by Parp.

It is well established that mammalian cumulus cell (CC) expansion requires BMP15 (bone morphogenetic protein bone morphogenetic protein 15) and GDF9 (growth differentiation factor 9). However, the mechanisms of the factors in CC expansion are largely unclear. This study was conducted to examine the two paracrine factors and their receptor SMAD intracellular signaling mechanism of mediating porcine CC expansion and oocyte maturation, and to compare COCs (Cumulus–oocyte complexes) maturation to DOs (Denuded oocytes). COCs and DOs were in vitro matured in medium with FSH, LH and TGFB superfamily antagonists. Our results showed that the expansion of COCs was unaffected by addition of GDF9 and BMP15 recombinant protein, but cumulus cell proliferation and DOs maturation rate were enhanced. The mRNA expressions of SMAD receptor confirmed that oocytes secreted factors that activate SMAD3,4 and SMAD1 in granulosa cells and oocytes, but unaffected SMAD2. Treatment of COCs with a SMAD2/3 phosphorylation inhibitor (SB431542) inhibited CC expansion and expression of TNFAIP6. SB431542 also was revealed to inhibit DOs maturation. The activation of CC SMAD signaling by oocytes, and the requirement of SMAD2/3 signaling for expansion and oocyte maturation were studied in pig. Nonetheless, porcine oocyte maturation without SMAD2/3 signaling is likely to be needed for optimal matrix formation, but also BMP15 and GDF9 is likely to be needed in oocyte.

Silencing of Dicer1 by siRNA did not inhibit development up to the blastocyst stage, but decreased expression of selected transcription factors, including Oct‐4, Sox2 and Nanog, suggesting that Dicer1 gene expression is associated with differentiation processes at the blastocyst stage (Cui et al., 2007). In order to get insights into genes which may be linked with microRNA system, we compared gene expression profiles in Gapdh and Dicer1 siRNA‐microinjected blastocysts using the Applied Biosystem microarray technology. Our data showed that 397 and 737 out of 16354 genes were up‐ and down‐regulated, respectively, following siRNA microinjection (p<0.05), including 24 up‐ and 28 downregulated transcription factors. Identification of genes that are preferentially expressed at particular Dicer1 knock down embryos provides insights into the complex gene regulatory networks that drive differentiation processes in embryos at blastocyst stage.

This paper describes a plan of a new IR phace-shfting interferometric system for testing astronomical aspheric mirror which has big departure from the best fit reference sphere during fine grinding. In this experimental system, some new technology will be adopted. The accuracy of system can reach ⋋/40(⋋=10.6 μm)

In this study, to stabilize the heavy metal in the contaminated soils, the column leaching test based on rainfall and pH value was performed by using coal mine drainage sludge(CMDS): which was generated during electrical purification of abandoned coal mine wastewater. Four types of testing column were used in this study. That were the CMDS and the heavy metal contaminated soils well mixed in 0 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 3 wt% layered column. According to the investigation, when the influent pH was 5.5∼6.2, there were no heavy metal elution at all conditions, and when the influent pH was 3∼3.3, the order of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr elution concentration was 3 wt% M(mixed)＜3 wt% S(separation)＜1 wt% M＜0 wt% and the average elution concentration was quite low, the value was 0.005 mg/L. Therefore, CMDS can used as new stabilizer of the heavy metal in the contaminated soils.