Adipogenesis is a primary energy valancing response in physiological status and critical in embryo development. One of the essential factors for initiation and maintaining of adipogenesis is the composition of extracellular matrix. Previously, we confirmed the effects of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC), an extract of Ishige okamurae, on the antiobesity effects and ECM stability in adipose tissue. In vitro model for adipogenesis study, 3T3-L1, a precursor cell type of adipocyte, and the adipose-tissue derived stem cell (ADSC) can be used. Usually the induction period for adipocyte is shorter in 3T3-L1 than in ADSCs. However, so far, the difference of the expression patterns of ECM components in 3T3-L1 and ADSCs, and the effects of DPHC are not much known. We induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 and ADSCs into adipocyte with or without DPHC (0, 0.4, 2, 10, 50 μg/mL) and confirmed the adipogenesis with adipogenic markers (PPAR-γ, LDL). After then, the levels of collagen type 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1), collagen type 3 alpha 1 (Col3a1), collagen type 4 (Col4), collagen type 6 (Col6), Elastin (Eln) and microfibrillar associated protein 5 (Mfap5) were analyzed with real-time RT-PCR. During early adipogenesis of ADSC, the expression levels of Col1, Col3, Col6, and Mfap5 mRNA were decreased but Col4 and Eln mRNA were increased. In the matured adipocyte, the expression levels of Col1, Col3, Col4, Mfap5 mRNA were decreased but not Eln. In the case of early differentiation of 3T3-L1, the expression levels of Col1, Col3, Eln mRNA were decreased but the expression levels of Col6 and Mfap5 were increased. In matured adipocyte of 3T3-L1, the expression levels of Col1, Col3, Eln, Mfap5 mRNA were increase but the expression level of Col6 mRNA was decreased. The expression levels of Col4, Eln mRNA were suppressed by 50 mg/mL DPHC treatment during early adipogenic period of ADSC. On the other hand in 3T3-L1, the expression levels of Col3 and Col6 mRNA were not changed by the DPHC treatment during early induction period. In the matured adipocytes derived from ADSC, Col1 mRNA levels was not decreased by the treatment of 50 mg/mL DPHC. Col4 mRNA levels was not increased by DPHC treatment. In the case of matured adipocytes derived from 3T3-L1, DPHC suppressed the increase of Col1, Col3, Col6 mRNA expression and the expression of Col4 and Eln mRNA was decreased. In summary, these data show that expression levels of each ECM component types are dramatically changed with some common patterns in two cell types, and the treatment of DPHC can modify the expression patterns of some ECM components in each cell types. It is suggested that one of the reason of antiadipogenic effect of DPHC may be the ECM modification.

Background : The cultivation of wild greens in a forest farming system is an attractive alternative to wild harvesting, due to its much lower production cost compared with conventional cultivation, and its provision of a second income to the landowner. Yet little is known about the conditions that would maximize the growth and antioxidant activities of wild greens in a forest farming system. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the optimal conditions that would maximize antioxidant activities of Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz., being cultivated in three different cultivation systems in Korea. Methods and Results : After the fibrous roots of L. fischeri were planted in three different cultivation systems, this study was conducted to assess the effect on health-related properties such as total phenolic contents, flavonoids, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrasyl) free radical scavenging activities and reducing power. From these harvests in different sites, extracts were prepared using methanol. Total phenolic content in forest farming system (1.061 ㎎·GAE/㎖) was higher than that in other products harvested in conventional and greenhouse system (0.666㎎·GAE/㎖). Also, flavonoid content was higher in forest farming system (0.124 ㎎·QE/ ㎖), compared to conventional and greenhouse system (0.084 ㎎·QE/㎖). Conclusions : Antioxidant activity and cultivation system seem to correlate with total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.

Anthocyanins are the largest group of water-soluble pigments in the plant kingdom. They are widely distributed in the human diet through crops, beans, fruits, vegetables and red wine. The specific health effects that anthocyanins might have in vivo are not known, although there are several possibilities related to obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this study we used human subcutaneous adipose mesenchymal stem cells (hADSC) and mouse subcutaneous adipose mesenchymal stem cells (mADSC) to evaluate the effects of anthocyanins. And we examined the effect of cell activity and adipocyte differentiation by Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), Delphinidin-3-ß-D-glucoside (D3G) that are among the anthocyanin family and black soybean extract. Using MTT assay method, we tested cellular metabolic activity. In mADSC, cell activity is significantly decreased by C3G and D3G (50 uM, 100 uM, and 200 uM), and black soybean extract (100 ug/ml and 200 ug/ml). In hADSC, cell activity is significantly decreased only by C3G (50 uM, 100 uM and 200 uM) unlike in mADSC. Cell activity is significantly increased of 100 uM D3G and black soybean extract (50 ug/ml, 100 ug/ml and 200 ug/ml). In mADSC, 50 uM C3G promoted differentiation into adipocyte but no effect in other concentration. D3G suppressed the differentiation of mADSC at 100 uM and 200 uM. 50 ug/ml black soybean extract promoted differentiation of mADSC, but 200 ug/ml black soybean extract suppressed differentiation. In hADSC, 50 uM, 100 uM and 200 uM C3G suppressed differentiation. 100 uM D3G promoted differentiation into adipocyte, but 200uM D3G suppressed it. Black soybean extract suppressed the differentiation into adipocyte at 50 ug/ml, 100 ug/ml and 200 ug/ml. These data showed that the responsibility to the C3G and D3G were different between hADSC and mADSC. Interestingly the responsibility to the black soybean extract was similar between hADSC and mADSC. Based on them, it is suggested that there are species-specificity to the cellular responsibility to the anthocyanins in subcutaneous ADSC.