직선기선은 연안국 일반적 방향에 따라서 정상기선을 설정할 수 없는 특별 한 사정이 있을 때, 직선기선으로 정할 수 있는 예외적인 사정에 한해서 인정 되고 있는 제도로 유엔해양법협약에 따라 설정되어야 한다. 그러나 일본은 이 러한 원칙을 무시하고 국제법규와 인접국과의 관계를 고려하지도 아니하고 협 의절차나 형평한 결과를 도출한 것도 아니면서 오직 자국의 해양관할권를 확대 하기 위한 수단으로 직선기선이라는 제도를 악용하여 일방적으로 설정한 것이 다. 따라서 일본의 직선기선설정은 인접국과의 관계를 고려한 바도 없이 일방 적으로 선포하여 유엔해양법협약을 비롯한 국제관습법 등 국제규범을 일탈하 고 있다. 또한 이러한 일탈은 관련국가간 법적·외교적 분쟁울 야기할 수도 있으 며 특히 동아시아 국가간에서는 그 해결이 또한 쉽지 않다. 이러한 점에서 일본의 직선기선 및 기점에 관한 법적 문제점들을 유엔해양법협약의 관점뿐만 아 니라 관습국제법, 국가관행 및 특별사정 등에 기초하여 비교적인 분석 및 평가 를 할 필요가 있다. 이는 특히 직선기선에 관한 일본의 여러 국가관행 및 국내 법률이 국제법과 일치하지도 않고 국제해양법상 일반적으로 승인되지도 않기 때문이다. 본고는 이러한 배경하에 유엔해양법협약 및 국가관행 측면에서 불법하게 설 정된 일본의 직선기선과 기점에 대한 법적 고찰과 함께 국제법 및 국제해양법 에 기초한 문제해결의 바람직한 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

In the domain of Korean arts history, the studies on the beginning of the Korean modern arts have been insufficient so far. But there have been attempted to deal with this issue in the various fields of Korean arts. But the field of crafts, compared to the fields of painting or architecture hasn't given us good results about this. This study aims at analyzing the beginning of modernization and the modernity of the ceramic crafts that appeared since the period of transition into modern era. In the late period of the Chosun dynasty, various ceramics used by royal class were intensively produced especially in Bunwon(分院) that was operated by government and the ceramics for the general public's daily life were produced actively in local kilns. But various foreign ceramics that were imported due to the opening of ports after the Treaty of Ganghwa-Island(江華島) in 1876 and the privatization of Bunwon in 1884 caused the traditional way of making ceramics to change a lot. And modern techniques of producing ceramics were imported from the West and experts from various countries were invited. Especially, in the period of Japanese colonial morden system of ceramic production was imported from Japan. From the end of 19th century to the early 20th century, the ceramic process and the distribution changed much, these aspects indicate the modernity of the Korean ceramics. This paper examined the progression of the aspects of the Korean ceramics that had undergone change since the late period of the Chosun in order to determine the period, the modernity of Korean ceramics began and established. The period of emerging modern ceramics were divided into two periods on the basis of the analysis of the system of manufacturing ceramics and the government policy in the late 19th century. The first period began when the Chosun opened her ports to foreign powers. After the reformation of systemin the late period of the Chosun, the opening of ports conclusively led to the different framework of the manufacture system that was new to the Chosun. And, in the period of the Great Korean Empire that succeeded the Chosun dynasty around the time of the privatization of Bunwon, modern factories research and education institute for ceramics were established foreign experts with technical skills came into Korea. However, Japan occupied Korea forcedly 5 years after they set up resident-general office in Korea, this caused the modernization. Japan adopted various policies in favor of them and made the manufacturing of the Chosun white porcelain declined fast. Partially the modern technique was adopted making vessels which changed the supply and demand of ceramics. Therefore, the period of Japanese occupation, of Korea when Korea faced the new modernization without voluntary agreement, can be classified as the second period of modernization. Especially in the period of about 40 years since 1910, the year when Japan began to occupy Korea, there were a lot of changes in the ceramic industry. So this period can be considered as a very important period of modernization. In the period of the opening of ports, the aspects of manufacture and the supply and demand of Korean modern ceramics began to change and the privatization of Bunwon caused the manufacture system to change rapidly. And through the period of Japanese occupation of Korea after the period of the Great Korean Empire, the modernization was pushed ahead forcedly without voluntary agreement. Therefore, it is required that the characteristics of the modernity of this period be analyzed by paying attention to the change of situation and system of Korea.

The national wide gravity survey to establish gravity values for the base reference stations in Korea was initiated by the U.S. Army. The Division of Geodesy, U.S. Army Map Service Far East (DG, USAMSFE) conducted two base station surveys in 1961 and 1964, and measured gravity values at 15 stations throughout Korea. Professor Woollard also observed 3 gravity base stations in 1964 as a part of the International Gravity Measurements. All of these surveys were tied directly to DG Base of USAMSFE in Tokyo and Tachikawa Air Force Base stations. GMIK (presently Korea Institute of Energy and Resources) also made 10 base station measurements in 1971, which are tied to USAMSFE base stations established in the previous survey. In a broader sense, all of these measurements are related to Potsdam system whose value is now recognized to be too large by about 14 mgals. In accordance with the International Gravity Standardization Net 1971 (IGSN 71), adopted and recommended by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, GMIK, in cooperation with Institute of Geological Sciences of England, measured gravity values at 15 base reference stations which are tied to IGSN 71 primary base stations in London and Kyoto. The results of this survey are generally lower by about 13.8 mgals than previous values. On the other hand, the National Geography Institute established a fundamental national gravity base reference station in the back yard of the Institute's building and determined the gravity value, which is tied to the IGSN 71 value of the base reference station located in Tokyo. The measurements were made twice in 1975 and 1980 with the cooperation of Japan Geophysical Survey Institute. NGI also established four auxilliary gravity base reference stations in 1980. The author recently measured the gravity difference between two base reference stations located in Korea Institute of Energy and Resources and National Geography Institute and found the measured value is different by more than 1 mgal to that computed from the gravity values adopted by two Institutes. Therefore it is recommended to conduct a more detailed crosscheck to establish consistent base reference values throughout the country.