In the domain of Korean arts history, the studies on the beginning of the Korean modern arts have been insufficient so far. But there have been attempted to deal with this issue in the various fields of Korean arts. But the field of crafts, compared to the fields of painting or architecture hasn't given us good results about this. This study aims at analyzing the beginning of modernization and the modernity of the ceramic crafts that appeared since the period of transition into modern era. In the late period of the Chosun dynasty, various ceramics used by royal class were intensively produced especially in Bunwon(分院) that was operated by government and the ceramics for the general public's daily life were produced actively in local kilns. But various foreign ceramics that were imported due to the opening of ports after the Treaty of Ganghwa-Island(江華島) in 1876 and the privatization of Bunwon in 1884 caused the traditional way of making ceramics to change a lot. And modern techniques of producing ceramics were imported from the West and experts from various countries were invited. Especially, in the period of Japanese colonial morden system of ceramic production was imported from Japan. From the end of 19th century to the early 20th century, the ceramic process and the distribution changed much, these aspects indicate the modernity of the Korean ceramics. This paper examined the progression of the aspects of the Korean ceramics that had undergone change since the late period of the Chosun in order to determine the period, the modernity of Korean ceramics began and established. The period of emerging modern ceramics were divided into two periods on the basis of the analysis of the system of manufacturing ceramics and the government policy in the late 19th century. The first period began when the Chosun opened her ports to foreign powers. After the reformation of systemin the late period of the Chosun, the opening of ports conclusively led to the different framework of the manufacture system that was new to the Chosun. And, in the period of the Great Korean Empire that succeeded the Chosun dynasty around the time of the privatization of Bunwon, modern factories research and education institute for ceramics were established foreign experts with technical skills came into Korea. However, Japan occupied Korea forcedly 5 years after they set up resident-general office in Korea, this caused the modernization. Japan adopted various policies in favor of them and made the manufacturing of the Chosun white porcelain declined fast. Partially the modern technique was adopted making vessels which changed the supply and demand of ceramics. Therefore, the period of Japanese occupation, of Korea when Korea faced the new modernization without voluntary agreement, can be classified as the second period of modernization. Especially in the period of about 40 years since 1910, the year when Japan began to occupy Korea, there were a lot of changes in the ceramic industry. So this period can be considered as a very important period of modernization. In the period of the opening of ports, the aspects of manufacture and the supply and demand of Korean modern ceramics began to change and the privatization of Bunwon caused the manufacture system to change rapidly. And through the period of Japanese occupation of Korea after the period of the Great Korean Empire, the modernization was pushed ahead forcedly without voluntary agreement. Therefore, it is required that the characteristics of the modernity of this period be analyzed by paying attention to the change of situation and system of Korea.

Background : Although Oplopana elatus is a valuable medicinal plant that, like ginseng, recommends itself as source of herbal preparations, little molecular information on this plant is available. Therefore, to analyze the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway in O. elatus, we employed an RNA-seq approach. Methods and Results : To generate a transcriptome library of O. elatus, total RNA was extracted from different tissues, including leaves, stem, and root. A pooled RNA sample was prepared by combining equivalent RNA from different tissues. Using pair-end read with the Illumina platform, a total of 78,646,554 raw sequencing reads were generated. After data cleaning, approximately 77 million high-quality reads were obtained with 98% G20 (base quality of greater than 20). The high-quality reads were assembled into 208,959 unigenes with an average length of 1,073 bp and an N50 of 1,768 bp. Consistent with our prediction, which was based on the KEGG pathway assignment, we found 122 unigenes encoding 47 putative enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid and triterpenoid saponins in the O. elatus transcriptome library. Conclusion : The transcriptome dataset generated in this study will serve as a valuable resource for accelerating genomic and functional genomic research in O. elatus and in the family Araliaceae.

Background : Even though Kalopanax septemlobus has been used as a traditional crude drug and a dietary health supplement, the wild or cultivated sources of this plant are not economically feasible. Methods and Results : In this study, a cell suspension culture of K. septemlobus using friable calli was established to make source sustainable. A cell suspension culture of K. septemlobus was incubated during 15th day and reached the maximum capacity of saponin production after day 6 (0.42㎍/㎎ of fresh weight). To investigate the effect of elicitors on the product yield of saponins in the K. septemlobus suspension culture, we treated methyl-jasmonic acid and coronatine (COR), which are known as signal molecules. COR positively regulates the total saponin production in the cell suspension of K. septemlobus at a concentration of 1 μM compared with the mock-treated control. Furthermore, the expression of beta-amyrin synthase (KsbAS) was induced by elicitation of COR. Consequently, oleanane-type triterpene saponins, oleanolic acid (2.369 ± 0.98 ㎍/㎎ of extract) were accumulated by only COR. Conclusion : From the above results, COR is an efficient elicitor for inducing saponin biosynthesis in a K. septemlobus suspension culture. Gene expression pattern and analysing precursor of triterpenoid saponin indicate that major target gene of COR in K. septemlobus suspension culture is KsbAS.

본 연구에서는 헛개나무 조직 배양에서 체세포배 유토 및 식물체 재분화를 위한 적절한 배지, 생장조절물질, 탄소원 그리고 배양 환경을 조사하였으며 대량 번식 시스템을 위해 체세포 배로부터 식물체로 재분화 하기전 세포 동조화와 건실한 유묘 생산에 최적인 배양 조건을 조사하였다. 강원도 양양 헛개나무 자생지에서 채취한 종자를 배배양하여 기내 발아시킴으로 기내 식물체를 얻었으며 이를 본실험에 이용하였다. 기내 발아후 7-14일 된 식물체의 자엽과 잎 절편을NAA를 처리한 배지에 배양했을 때 callus 상태를 거치지 않고 직접 shoot가 유기되었는데 NAA 0.5mg/에서 43.6%로 형성율이 가장 높았으며 절편체 당 shoot의 수도 2.8개였다. NAA와 BA 조합처리 하였을 때 BA 0.1mg/ + NAA 1mg/에서 38.1%의 형성율을 보였으며 절편체 당 shoot의 수는 4개 이상으로 유기 되었다. 체세포배는 NAA와 2,4-D의 단독처리 또는 BA와의 조합처리에서 발생하였으며 직접 체세포배 또는 배발생 캘러스가 형성하였다. BA 0.1mg/ + 2,4-D 1mg/ 또는 BA 0.1mg/ + NAA 1mg/ 에서 발생한 배발생 캘러스의 생장과 성숙 및 발아에 최적 배양 조건을 조사하였을 때 GA3 1mg/ 을 처리하여 배 발아를 촉진시켰으며 자엽은 발달하지 못하고 하배축이 신장하여 유근이 발생한 형태의 유묘를 생산하였다.

본 연구에서는 헛개나무 조직 배양에서 체세포배 유도 및 식물체 재분화를 위한 적절한 배지, 생장조절물질, 탄소원 그리고 배양 환경을 조사하였으며 대량 번식 시스템을 위해 체세포 배로부터 식물체로 재분화 하기 전 세포 동조화와 건실한 유묘 생산에 최적인 배양 조건을 조사하였다. 강원도 양양 헛개나무 자생지에서 채취한 종자를 배배양하여 기내 발아시킴으로 기내 식물체를 얻었으며 이를 본 실험에 이용하였다. 기내 발아 후 7-14일 된 식물체의 자엽과 잎 절편을 NAA를 처리한 배지에 배양했을 때 callus 상태를 거치지 않고 직접 shoot가 유기되었는데 NAA 0.5mg/l에서 43.6%로 형성율이 가장 높았으며 절편체 당 shoot 의 수도 2.8개였다. NAA와 BA 조합처리하였을 때 BA 0.1mg/l+ NAA 1mg/l에서 38.1%의 형성율을 보였으며 절편체 당 shoot의 수는 4개 이상으로 유기되었다. 체세포배는 NAA와 2,4-D의 단독처리 또는 BA와의 조합처리에서 발생하였으며 직접 체세포배 또는 배발생캘러스가 형성하였다. BA 0.1mg/l+ 2,4-D 1mg/l 또는 BA 0.1mg/l+ NAA 1mg/l에서 발생한 배발생 캘러스의 생장과 성숙 및 발아에 최적 배양 조건을 조사하였을 때 GA3 1mg/l을 처리하여 배 발아를 촉진시켰으며 자엽은 발달하지 못하고 하배축이 신장하여 유근이 발생한 형태의 유묘를 생산하였다.