본 연구는 칼륨의 독성에 따른 배추의 생육과 생리적 특성 그리고 형태적 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 수행하였다. 100mM의 칼륨 농도 처리구까지 전체적인 생육이 증가한 반면, 600mM 처리구에서 생육이 가장 저조하였다. 칼륨 처리 농도가 높을수록 N, P, K, 함량은 증가하였지만 Ca, Mg, Na 함량은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 미량원소, Fe, Mn, Zn의 경우 100mM의 처리구에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 생체중당 Chl a, b와 carotenoid 함량은 600mM에서 가장 많이 증가하였으나 증가한 엽록소 함량에 비해 광합성효율(Fv/Fm)은 처리구간에 차이가 없었고 CO2 동화율은 오히려 감소하였다. 이는 칼륨 과다에 의한 삼투스트레스의 결과로 기공의 퇴화와 CO2 동화능력과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것을 형태학적 관찰로 확인되었다. Total free amino acid의 경우 100mM 처리구까지 칼륨 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가한 반면 600mM에서 급격히 감소하였다. 따라서 본 실험에서의 배추는100mM의 칼륨 농도까지는 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

In order to understand the flora of Mt. Byungdoo, survey of vascular plants was conducted in 2010. It found that flora of Mt. Byoungdoo was consisted of 295 taxa, i.e., 218 species, four subspecies, 60 varieties, and 13 formae. Among them, Korean endemic species was 18 taxa. Also, the conservatory plants classified from fifth to first grade by Ministry of Environment were distributed 60 taxa in the Mt. Byungdoo. It is shown that this site is very high biodiversity in spite of small area relatively. The naturalized plants were found eighteen taxa. Eleutherococcus senticosus and Lilium cernuum, rare and endangered species, were confirmed from this survey. Therefore, it needs the conservation strategy for rare and endangered species.

In order to monitoring the flora change of Yongneup, an alpine wetland, survey of vascular plants was conducted. It found that flora of Yongneup was consisted of 249 taxa, i.e., 205 species, two subspecies, 36 varieties, and six formae. Among them, Korean endemic species was totally 18 taxa. Also, the conservatory plants classified from fifth to first grade by Ministry of Environment were distributed 71 taxa in the Yongneup area. It is shown this area is very high biodiversity. The naturalized plants were found only five taxa. Especially, Trientalis europaea var. arctica and Menyanthes trifoliata, rare and endangered species, were re-confirmed this time. However, we could not find some plants reported previously. Therefore, it needs more correct investigation in future.

This survey was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Maenghyun-bong at Injae. Vascular plants surveyed were consisted of 337 taxa, i.e., 262 species, 3 subspecies, 59 varieties, and 13 formae. Korean endemic plants were Asarum maculatum, Aconogonon microcarpum, Clematis trichotoma, Corydalis maculata, Vicia chosenensis, Viola diamantiacai, Lonicera subsessilis, and Cirsium setidens. Also, the conservatory plants classified from first grade to fifth grade were distributed 69 taxa in the Mt. Maenghyung-bong area. The naturalized plants found eleven species. Especially, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Anemone umbrosa, rare and endangered species, were found in this area firstly.

This survey was carried out to investigate the flora of Micheongol nature recreation forest at Yangyang. Vascular plants surveyed were consisted of 285 taxa, i.e., 254 species, 2 subspecies, 28 varieties, and 1 formae. Korean endemic plants were Cirsium setidens, Viola diamantica, Hanabusaya asiatica, Deutzia coreana, Aster koraiensis, Tilia taquetii, Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum, Salvia chanryonica, Filipendula glaberrima, Tilia rufa, Salix caprea and Anemone koraiensis. Also, the conservatory plants classified from first to fifth grade were distributed 47 taxa in the Micheongol nature recreation forest area. The naturalized plants were found 12 taxa. Especially, Leontice microrrhyncha S. Moore, rare and endangered species, was found in this area firstly.

Background : Miscanthus sinensis is a C4 crop with high photosynthetic efficiency and is known as a representative cellulose-based bio-energy crop originating in East Asia such as Korea, Japan, and China. It also has a high resistance to environmental conditions such as low temperature and drying and pests. However, many studies on the antioxidant activity of the M. sinensis have not been conducted. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure total phenol and total flavonoid contents of the M. sinensis accessions collected from some countries and to select the M. sinensis accessions with rich total phenol and total flavonoid contents. The results of this study can be used as basic data for future breeding. Methods and Results : This study carried out the total phenol and total flavonoid contents analysis of M. sinensis collected from different country to preserve genetic resources. Total 205 accessions of M. sinensis were collected from the USA, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand and Zambia. Their leaves were extracted with 100% methanol and concentrated at 45℃. To determine total phenol and total flavonoid contents, we measured the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The highest total phenolic conten t(81.04 ± 0.02 ㎎·GAE/g) showed in the accession (PMS-178) from China. The highest total flavonoid content (32.66 ± 0.01 ㎎·QE/g) showed in the accession (KMS104) from Korea. On the other hand the lowest total phenolic content (1.11 ± 0.00 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content (0.81 ± 0.00 ㎎·QE/g) were obtained from the accession (M. sinensis ‘Super Stripe’) from USA. Conclusion : In this study, we analysed the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents by country of origin.

Background : Miscanthus is a species of flowering plant in the family poaceae, native to Eastern Asia throughout most of China, Japan, Taiwan and Korea. It is diploid hybrid grass used as bioenergy plant, biomass production and high quality of cellulose and ethanol production. It is an herbaceous perennial grass, growing up to 0.8 - 3.0 m tall, rarely 4.0 m, forming dense clumps from an underground rhizome. Recently, Studies on Miscanthus have been carried out on the growth characteristics and to see the antioxidant difference of Miscanthus for functional materials in various regions. Methods and Results : This study carried out the antioxidant activities of Miscanthus collected from different countries of origin. Two hundred one accessions of Miscanthus were collected in 7 countries (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, U.S.A, Zambia). Initially, each leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol to determine actioxidant activty. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity showed in the accession [M. sinensis ‘Kleine Silberspinne (little silver spider)’] from U.S.A (RC50: 10.66 ± 15.46 ㎍/㎖) and the lowest showed in the accession (M. sinensis ‘Supr Stripe’) from U.S.A (RC50: 188.03 ± 0.86 ㎍/㎖). The ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the highest in the accession (No.401: JM0310.002) from Japan (RC50: 17.97 ± 3.26 ㎍/㎖) and the lowest showed in the accession (M. sinensis ‘Supr Stripe’) from U.S.A (RC50: 416.88 ± 10.05 ㎍/㎖). Conclusion : The antioxidant activity of Miscanthus showed in average DPPH radical scavenging activity (RC50: 74.05 ± 3.74 ㎍/㎖) and ABTS radical scavenging activity (RC50: 81.46 ± 3.95 ㎍/㎖). In this study, it may be used for feed crops or food crops as a functional material.

Background : Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a medicinal plant corresponding to 'raw materials for food use' in Korean food standards codex, and it is known that it has the same origin although it is classified into wild ginseng, cultured ginseng and red ginseng. It varies morphologically, molecularly, depending on the cultivation or habitat environment. In this study, we carried out experiments for the morphological differentiation of cultured ginseng (Hongcheon, Gunsan, Miryang) and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng (by company). Methods and Results : Morphological observations were made with resin sectioning method (RSM). The test method was sampled, preprocessed, embedded, segmented, slid and then observed with an optical microscope. The epidermis, cortex and vascular tissues were identified in the inner cross section of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Phloem was formed at the center, and xylem was formed at the side. In cultured ginseng, the organs of the vascular tissues were differentiated into two, whereas in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng, one vascular tissue was formed due to the thin adventitious. Conclusion : Plant resources have the diversity of using the same or different origins depending on their distribution. The morphological differentiation method of ginseng and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is expected to be based on domestic fair trade to prevent discrimination.

Background : Miscanthus sinensis is a diploid hybrid and a temperate, perennial, cross-pollinating grass used as bioenergy plant, biomass production and high quality cellulose and ethanol production. This study was to carried out to investigate the expression of MsCOMT gene and the variation of lignocellulosic component and phenolic compounds contents in transgenic plants. Methods and Results : Multiple bands were detected from the homologous region of the COMT gene in PCR analysis. In order to obtain more detailed results, putative transgenic lines were estimated by RT-PCR analysis to confirm the expression of mRNA. Also, analysis of the lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and phenolic compound contents of transgenic Miscanthus plants were performed. Total lignin content of transgenic plants was lower than that of the control plant due to reduced caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene expression related to lignin production. Cellulose and hemicellulose contents in transgenic plants were not increased. Variation in cellulose and hemicellulose contents had no correlation with variation in lignin content of transgenic plants. Conclusion : In conclusion, transgenic M. sinensis was obtained with down-regulated COMT gene. Lignin synthesis was decreased what offers possibility of crop modification for facilitated biofuel production.

Background: The light emitting plasma (LEP) has recently attracted attention as a novel artificial light source for plant growth and functional component enhancement. We investigated the effects of LEP on whitening and antioxidant activities of the plant parts of perilla. Methods and Results: Previously germianted seeds of perilla were cultivated under different light conditions (fluoresce lamp, LED red, blue, white, green, and LEP) in a culture room for 2 months. Parts of perilla were harvested and extracted in 70% EtOH. The extracts were used to detect total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), reducing power and tyrosinase inhibition activity as indicators of biological activity. Biological activity was highest in seedlings grown under LEP. The total phenolic content was highest in the stems and the total flavonoid content was highest in the roots of perilla exposed to LEP. The DPPH and ABTS radical activity in all the parts of perilla exposed to LEP were higher by approximately three-fold compared to that in the control (fluoresce lamp). The reducing power values of perilla significantly increased after treatment with LEP. In addition, all the extract of perilla plants exposed to LEP promoted the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. These results suggest that LEP can be an important artificial light source for enhancement of biological activity. Conclusions: LEP could promote whitening and antioxidant activity of perilla.

浩亭 河崙은 고려 말기부터 조선 초기에 걸쳐 仕宦한 고위관료이다. 조선 개국, 이방원의 등극, 조선의 제도와 典章의 확립 등 중요한 국가 대사를 맡아 주도하였다. 그의 고위관료로서의 자취 때문에 문학적인 면모는 소홀히 여겨져 지금까지는 연구한 바가 없어 밝혀지지 않았지 만, 그는 실로 최고의 문학가였다. 그는 조선 초기 최고의 성리학자이고 문장가였다. 慶會樓의 記文을 지었고, 圃隱 鄭夢周, 惕若齋 金九容 등 당시 최상급 문인들의 시집 서문을 썼다. 그리고 고려 말 대문호로 그의 스승인 牧隱 李穡의 神道碑 銘을 지었다. 과거를 통해 출사한 文臣들이 직책에 맞는 능력을 갖추지 못 한 것을 보고, 重試를 실시하여 능력을 보강하려는 제도를 만들었다. 호정은 4번 明나라를 다녀옴으로써 그 당시 문화 교류에 있어 가장 큰 공헌을 했다. 鄭道傳이 경솔히 지은 表文이 明 太祖의 비위를 거슬렀 을 때, 직접 명 태조를 만나 상세히 분명하게 전후사정을 간곡하게 진술하여 문제를 잘 해결하고 왔다. 또 建文帝와 永樂帝의 즉위식에 참석하 였다. 돌아와서 지어 太宗에게 바친 ｢覲天庭｣, ｢受明命｣ 두 악장은 나중 에 명나라 영락제에게도 알려져 외교에 많은 도움을 주었다. 그는 많은 시를 지었으나 대부분 없어지고 문집에 실려 있는 시는 조선후기에 와서 수집한 시이다. 그 가운데 ｢漢江詩｣는 漢陽 천도를 송축하는 시인데, 그 속에 임금님을 諷諫하는 교훈이 들어 있다. ｢嶺南樓｣시는 절경 속의 嶺南樓가 名勝임을 부각시키고, 영남루에 대한 애정을 담았다. 곧 성리학자들의 天人合一 사상이 배어 있다. ｢慶會樓記｣는 경회루의 중복과정을 서술하고 중건과정에서 君民一 體가 되는 조선 초기 건전한 국가적 氣運을 느낄 수 있고, 또 경회루의 건물 구조 하나하나에 治道의 의미를 부여한 독특한 문장이다. ｢矗石樓記｣도 촉석루에 올라 풍경을 보면서 牧民官이 백성을 위해 해야 할 일을 연상하도록 하여 단순한 물리적 건물로서의 촉석루가 아니고, 목민관이 백성을 다스릴 방안을 창출해 내는 정신적 생산 공간 으로서 의미를 부여했다. 浩亭의 시나 문장은 단순한 문예적인 시문에 그친 것이 아니고, 經世 濟民의 의미를 담은 전통 유학자의 충실한 문학이다.

Background : Temperature is major factor for growth plant. Recently, because of global warming, abnormal temperature included drought, deluge, sudden temperature change and heavy snow damaged crops in the world. In Korea, crops have been sensitive to low temperature on early growth stage, e.g. fruit tree and ginseng, were damaged owing to sudden heavy snow and cold on Spring. Therefore, recently interest in cold resistance crops were increased in demand rapidly. This study was performed to establish transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana by transforming cold resistant gene related to cold tolerance S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS) isolated from Miscanthus sinensis. Methods and Results : Total RNA was extracted from leaves of M. sinensis using Trizol assay and isolated MsSAMS. Isolated MsSAMS was insert into SacⅠ- XbaⅠ sites of pMBP1 vector. The vector was transformed to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 by DH5α. A. tumefaciens with binary plasmid were selected at YEP medium supplemented with kanamycin. Cut leaves of tobacco were co-cultured with selected A. tumefaciens. Co-cultured leaves was grown on regeneration medium for a month at dark condition, and transferred to at light condition. Regeneration shoot from callus were excised and transferred to root-induction medium. Approximately, 58% of leaves explant produced callus. Nearly, 30% of callus had shoot and approximately, 94% of shoots were rooted in root-induction medium. Conclusion : We established an efficient transformation system of N. benthamiana transformed by using MsSAMS gene related to cold tolerance isolated from M. sinensis. We may use the produced transgenic plants to prevent damages carried by cold.

晋陽姜氏는 우리나라의 대표적인 名門大族으로 역사상 많은 인물을 배출해 각 방면에서 크게 활약해 왔다. 진양강씨는 모두 高句麗 말기의 장군 姜以式을 시조로 삼는다. 강이식의 후손 가운데 고려 후기 姜啓庸은 벼슬이 國子博士였으므로 그 후손들을 博士公派라 일컫는다. 강계용의 손자 姜師瞻은 벼슬이 監察御史였으므로 그 후손들을 御史 公派라고도 한다. 어사공은 공목공의 증조부이다. 恭穆公 姜蓍는 1339년 晋州에서 태어났다. 1357년 成均試에 합격하여, 1362년 출사한 이후 내외의 여러 관직 을 거쳐 門下贊成事에 이르고 晉山君에 봉해졌다. 恭穆公이 가문의 위상을 크게 격상시켰고, 공목공에 이어 그의 형제 와 아들들이 모두 정승의 반열에 들어 일국의 명문이 되었다. 당시 불교가 성행하던 시대에 이미 儒敎思想을 철저히 실천했고, 실 용학문인 農學에도 관심을 가져 農書를 간행해서 보급했다. 두 아들 通亭 姜淮伯, 通溪 姜淮仲이 朝鮮 왕조에 다시 출사하여 가문의 기반을 닦았다. 이후 姜碩德, 姜孟卿, 姜希顔, 姜希孟 등 학문에 있어서나 仕宦에 있 어서 걸출한 인물들이 많이 나와 朝鮮王朝 내내 名門家로서의 위상을 유지했다. 이 가문이 이렇게 장기간 동안 명문가로서의 위상을 유지할 수 있었 던 것은, 好學과 興學의 정신, 孝友와 忠節을 숭상하는 정신, 겸양과 節儉을 중시하는 정신, 實學的 분위기, 禮讓崇尙의 家風, 행정능력의 출중함, 中國文物의 수용정신 등이 原動力이 되었던 것이다.

Background : Miscanthus is a diploid hybrid and a temperate, perennial, cross-pollinating grass used as bioenergy plant, biomass production and high quality cellulose and ethanol production. This study was to determine an efficient transformation system for Miscanthus sinensis, and to optimize factors and conditions required for expression of MsCOMT–AS gene. Methods and Results : An efficient transformation of callus from M. sinensis was established using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring a binary vector pMBP1. In order to establish stable transformation system, we obtained high transformation rate from callus by various transformation factor explant type, strain, co-culture periods, acetosyringone concentration, and selective marker. Finally, in this study, seven putative transgenic plants were obtained. Through various tests including PCR analysis and southern blot were to detect antisense of COMT digested Xba I and Sac I restriction enzymes. The biomass of the control plant was superior than transgenic plants. Conclusion : This study was to develop transgenic Miscanthus sinensis by Agrobacterium tumerfeciens mediated transformation to produce high bioethanols and to reduce the lignin content of transgenic plants. Detailed characterization of the transgenic plants revealed interesting finding about COMT gene expression in the segregates