국제사회는 소득수준에 따라 개발도상국을 그룹화하고 이들에게 차등 적으로 공적개발원조를 배분함으로써 개발 격차 해소를 위해 노력하고 있다. 그러나 2002년 수원국 목록에 150개국이 존재했던 것에 비해, 2021년 수원국 목록에서 벗어난 국가는 단 8개국에 불과하다. 이는 대부 분의 수원국이 여전히 개발이 필요한 상태로 정체되어 있다는 것을 의미 한다. 원조의 효과에 관한 다수의 연구에 따르면 수원국의 발전 정도에 따라 원조가 경제성장에 미치는 영향이 달라질 수 있다고 주장한다. 공 여국 입장에서 어떤 수원국에게 원조를 더 많이 배분하는가에 집중한 기 존 연구와 다르게, 본 연구는 수원국 입장에서 어떤 분야의 원조가 경제 성장에 효과적인지, 그리고 그 효과가 수원국의 소득수준에 따라 차이가 있는지를 실증적으로 고찰하는 점이 차별적이다. 분석 결과, 최빈국과 중 상위소득국 모두 사회 인프라 및 서비스(100) 원조가 경제성장에 긍정적 인 영향을 미치지만, 다 부문(400) 원조는 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으 로 나타났다. 본 연구는 수원국의 소득수준에 따라 경제성장에 미치는 원조의 효과와 원조의 분야가 상이함을 실증적으로 밝혔다는 점에서 학 술적·정책적 함의가 있다.

Deforestation and poverty in developing countries are critical ongoing issues. Forests provide a broad spectrum of benefits and services to millions of people, and more than $14 billion has been globally spent on the Forestry Official Development Assistance 2000-2019. The purpose of this study was to empirically analyze the effect of forestry ODA on the economic development and forest conservation policies of 87 major recipient countries, using panel data from the OECD DAC CRS, and the World Bank WBI 2003-2018. Herein, fixed effect and random effect models were applied, to 1,392 observed panel data using the R software. Results are as follow. First, results show that the forestry ODA has a positive and statistically significant effect on forest conservation. The higher the forest-dependent country, the greater the positive effect. On the other hand, the forestry ODA does not have a positive effect on the economic development of the recipient country. As the positive effect of the forestry, ODA has been verified; it is necessary to continuously increase international cooperation projects as well as financial support, in line with these international trends. Additionally, results suggest a joint and integrated project with the agriculture as well as forestry sectors because forest areas and farmlands area have a close negative ( ) relationship. Thus, the results provide substantial evidence for supporting as well as establishing, a solid momentum of international cooperation policies in the forest sector.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the effectiveness of Offcial Development Assistance (ODA) in recipient countries' economy. ODA is designed to mitigate poverty and stimulate economic growth in the developing countries. We classify total ODA into bilateral ODA and multilateral ODA depending on the number of donor countries. If the ODA flows from one donor country to one recipient country, it is classified as bilateral ODA. If the multiple countries simultaneously become donor countries through the international organizations such as United Nations and World Bank, it is classified as multilateral ODA. This paper compares the effect of bilateral ODA and multilateral ODA in determining recipient countries' economic development, and tries to provide policy implications to Korean ODA. Research design, data, and methodology - Our primary explanatory variables are bilateral and multilateral ODA. Private credit in recipient countries is adopted as additional explanatory variables to capture the level of financial development in recipient countries. We measure the ODA effectiveness using economic growth and quality of life of the recipient countries as the dependent variable. We collect 142 recipient countries' data from OECD statistics, during the period from 1970-2014. Panel least squares estimation with country fixed effect is employed as the empirical model. Results - Our results support that ODA variable has a negatively significant impact on recipient countries' economic growth, while it is positively correlated with human development index. Recipient countries' private credit is positively correlated with economic growth and human development index. The interaction variable of ODA and financial development turns out to be significant in general. We find that the positive effect of ODA depends on recipient countries' financial market development and this effect is stronger in multilateral aid than bilateral one. Conclusions - From the analysis, we have confirmed that the recipient countries financial development is the necessity condition to achieve positive effect of ODA. Based on these results, we suggest that Korean government should increase the share of multilateral funding and pay attention to recipient countries' financial market development to maximize the effectiveness of ODA.