3D 프린팅 콘크리트는 임의의 형상을 자유롭게 적층하여 제작할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있지만, 노즐의 구조 및 형상에 따라 곡선부의 출력 품질이 달라진다. 또한, 공기중에서 출력한 경우와 수중에 서 출력한 경우 그 품질이 달라진다. 본 연구에서는 고정 마감날을 가진 사각형 노즐을 이용하여 3D 프린팅 모르타르를 수중에서 곡선 형태로 출력하고 적층한 후 출력성능, 적층성능, 및 역학적성능을 평가하였다. 30 × 30 mm 사각형 개구부를 가지고 있고 노즐 끝 양 측면에 고정 마감날이 설치된 노 즐을 사용하였다. 사전 직선 출력시험에서 선정된 조건인 호퍼 회전속도 14 rpm, 노즐 이동 속도 2000 mm/min을 적용하여 출력하였고, 1층 높이를 30mm로 출력하여 5층 적층하였다. 출력 및 적층 결과, 직선부분의 표면은 양호한 반면 곡면부분, 특히 곡률이 큰 곡선부분의 바깥쪽에서 표면균열이 관찰되었다. 직선부분의 치수 일관성은 양호한 반면, 곡률 반경이 작은 곡선부분의 폭 차이가 나타났 다. 곡선부분의 밀도와 압축강도는 직선부분보다 낮았다. 이는 곡선부에서 직사각형 노즐 회전에 따른 재료 토출이 불균일하기 때문인데, 이러한 문제점을 보완할 수 있는 제어 기술 개발이 필요하다.

In the contemporary era, 3D printing technology has become widely utilized across diverse fields, including biomedicine, industrial design, manufacturing, food processing, aerospace, and construction engineering. The inherent advantages of automation, precision, and speed associated with 3D printing have progressively led to its incorporation into road engineering. Asphalt, a temperature-responsive material that softens at high temperatures and solidifies as it cools, presents distinctive challenges and opportunities in this context. For the effective implementation of 3D printing technology in road engineering, 3D printed asphalt (3DPA) must exhibit favorable performance and printability. This requires attributes such as good fluidity, extrudability, and buildability. Furthermore, materials utilizing 3DPA for crack repair should possess high viscosity, elasticity, toughness, superior high-temperature stability, and resistance to low-temperature cracking. These characteristics ultimately contribute to enhancing pavement longevity and ensuring worker safety.

In this study, the structural performance of the specimen fabricated through 3D printing was evaluated through monotonic loading experiments analysis to apply to 3D printed structures. The compression and flexural experiments were carried out, and the experimental results were compared to the finite element model results. The loading directions of specimens were investigated to consider the capacity of specimens with different curing periods, such as 7 and 28 days. As a result, the strength tended to increase slightly depending on the stacking direction. Also, between the 3D-printed panel composite and the non-reinforced panel, the bending performance depended on the presence or absence of composite reinforcement.

Digitization and automation technologies have rapidly maximized productivity and efficiency in all industries over the past few decades. Construction automation technology has either stagnated over the same period or has not kept pace with overall economic productivity. According to the research studies up to now, the output of concrete structures using coarse aggregates (8mm or more) is very limited due to the limitations of equipment and materials. In this study, information on the development process of 3DCP equipment that can print concrete structures with the printing width (100 mm or more) and printing thickness (30 mm or more) using a 3DCP material mixed with coarse aggregate (8 mm or more) is provided. To verify the performance of the developed 3DCP equipment, experimental data are provided on output variables, the number of layers, and the inter-layer printing time interval. The evaluation and verification data of various mechanical properties (compressive and splitting tensile strength) of printed materials using coarse aggregates are provided.

Recently, the demand for atypical structures with functions and sculptural beauty is increasing in the construction industry. Existing mold-based structure production methods have many advantages, but building complex atypical structures represents limitations due to the cost and technical characteristics. Production methods using molding are suitable for mass production systems, but production cost, construction period, construction cost, and environmental pollution can occur in small quantity batch production. The recent trend in the construction industry calls for new construction methods of customized small quantity batch production methods that can produce various types of sophisticated structures. In addition to the economic effects of developing related technologies of 3D Concrete Printers (3DCP), it can enhance national image through the image of future technology, the international status of the construction civil engineering industry, self-reliance, and technology export. Until now, 3DCP technology has been carried out in producing and utilizing residential houses, structures, etc., on land or manufacturing on land and installing them underwater. The final purpose of this research project is to produce marine structures by directly printing various marine structures underwater with 3DCP equipment. Compared to current underwater structure construction techniques, constructing structures directly underwater using 3DCP equipment has the following advantages: 1) cost reduction effects: 2) reduction of construct time, 3) ease of manufacturing amorphous underwater structures, 4) disaster prevention effects. The core element technology of the 3DCP equipment is to extrude the transferred composite materials at a constant quantitative speed and control the printing flow of the materials smoothly while printing the output. In this study, the extruding module of the 3DCP equipment operates underwater while developing an extruding module that can control the printing flow of the material while extruding it at a constant quantitative speed and minimizing the external force that can occur during underwater printing. The research on the development of 3DCP equipment for printing concrete structures underwater and the preliminary experiment of printing concrete structures using high viscosity low-flow concrete composite materials is explained.

3D프린팅 공법은 설계 데이터 및 제품의 특성에 따라 액체 또는 분말가루 형태의 폴리머, 금속 등의 재료를 사용한다. 3D프린팅 공법의 제조방식은 적층방식으로 입체구조물을 층층이 쌓아올려 3차원형상을 제조하는 방식을 말한다. 3D프린팅 기술은 30년(1980년대) 전에 개발된 기술이지만 최근 몇 년 사이에 업계의 관심이 집중되고 있다. 3D프린팅 기술의 적용범위는 기계 산업분야에서 의료분야, 항공 분야, 건설 및 토목분야 등으로 그 범위가 점점 확대되어가 고 있다 컨투어크래프팅(Contour Crafting)은 미국 남가주대학에서 15년(2000) 전에 세라믹재료를 이용하여 개발된 3D프린팅 공법이다. Trowel 구조를 도입하여 3D프린팅 공법의 핵심적 단점인 외부표면을 매끄럽게 하면서 3D자유형상을 제작하는 것이다. 현재의 이 공법은 시멘트를 이용 하여 구조물의 부가구성물뿐만이 아니라 전체구조물을 자동으로 만드는 것을 목적으로 한다. 또한 각층의 두께 및 폭이 일반 3D프린팅 공법과 비교할 수 없이 크고 넓게 함으로 건설 및 토목분야의 적용이 가능하다. 특히, 콘크리트재료를 이용하여 토목용 2차구조물 제작에 대한 기초적인 조사 및 개념을 상세히 설명된다

굳지 않은 콘크리트의 적층성은 콘크리트 3D 프린팅의 핵심 요소로써 필라멘트의 변형 및 붕괴 없이 일정한 높이로 적층하는 성능이다. 적층성은 항복응력과 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 항복응력이 높을수록 우수하다. 또한, 굳지 않은 콘크리트는 압출된 후 시간경과에 따라 경화되면서 전단응력이 증가하기 때문에 적층성이 높아지게 된다. 따라서, 콘크리트 3D 프린팅 시 굳지 않은 콘크리트의 적층성 확보를 위해서는 출력되는 레이어 사이의 적절한 시간 간격(Printing Time Gap, 이하 PTG)이 필요하다. PTG가 증가함에 따라 적층성은 증가하지만, PTG가 과다하게 커지면 출력된 레이어 간의 부착성능이 감소하며, 출력시간이 길어짐에 따라서 압출성능이 저하될 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 100 MPa급 고강도 콘크리트 배합에 적합한 적층성을 확보하기 위하여 PTG를 변수로 한 3D 프린팅 실험을 수행하였으며, 이와 더불어 콘크리트 3D 프린팅 방법을 유사하게 모사할 수 있는 모의 적층실험 방법의 유효성을 검토하기 위하여 모의 적층실험을 수행하였다.

Concrete structures built by 3D printing technology is formed as the several concrete layers. Thus, 3D printing technology for concrete structure could have less strength than the design. In this study, fracture energy (fracture toughness) tests for layered concrete in various condition was performed. depending on required time for stacking new layer. Based on the results of performed tests, it was found that fracture energy was decreased due to increased non-bonded time

Concrete structures built by 3D printing technology is formed as the several concrete layers. Thus, 3D printing technology for concrete structure could have less strength than the design. In this study, fracture energy (fracture toughness) tests for layered concrete in various condition was performed. depending on required time for stacking new layer. Based on the results of performed tests, it was found that fracture energy was decreased due to increased non-bonded time.