The convergence of artificial intelligence with smart factories or smart mechanical systems has been actively studied to maximize the efficiency and safety. Despite the high improvement of artificial neural networks, their application in the manufacturing industry has been difficult due to limitations in obtaining meaningful data from factories or mechanical systems. Accordingly, there have been active studies on manufacturing components with sensor integration allowing them to generate important data from themselves. Additive manufacturing enables the fabrication of a net shaped product with various materials including plastic, metal, or ceramic parts. With the principle of layer-bylayer adhesion of material, there has been active research to utilize this multi-step manufacturing process, such as changing the material at a certain step of adhesion or adding sensor components in the middle of the additive manufacturing process. Particularly for smart parts manufacturing, researchers have attempted to embed sensors or integrated circuit boards within a three-dimensional component during the additive manufacturing process. While most of the sensor embedding additive manufacturing was based on polymer material, there have also been studies on sensor integration within metal or ceramic materials. This study reviews the additive manufacturing technology for sensor integration into plastic, ceramic, and metal materials.

The transition from “More-of-Less” markets (economies of scale) to “Less-of-More” markets (economies of scope) is supported by advances of disruptive manufacturing and reconfigurable-supply-chain management technologies. With the prevalence of cyber-physical manufacturing systems, additive manufacturing technology is of great impact on industry, the economy, and society. Traditionally, backbone structures are built via bottom-up manufacturing with either pre-fabricated building blocks such as bricks or with layer-by-layer concrete casting such as climbing form-work casting. In both cases, the design selection is limited by form-work design and cost. Accordingly, the tool-less building of architecture with high design freedom is attractive. In the present study, we review the technological trends of additive manufacturing for construction-scale additive manufacturing in particular. The rapid tooling of patterns or molds and rapid manufacturing of construction parts or whole structures is extensively explored through uncertainties from technology. The future regulation still has drawbacks in the adoption of additive manufacturing in construction industries.

A three-dimensional physical part can be fabricated from a three-dimensional digital model in a layer-wise manner via additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which is different from the conventional subtractive manufacturing technology. Numerous studies have been conducted to take advantage of the AM opportunities to penetrate bespoke custom product markets, functional engineering part markets, volatile low-volume markets, and spare part markets. Nevertheless, materials issues, machines issues, product issues, and qualification/certification issues still prevent the AM technology from being extensively adopted in industries. The present study briefly reviews the standard classification, technological structures, industrial applications, technological advances, and qualification/certification activities of the AM technology. The economics, productivity, quality, and reliability of the AM technology should be further improved to pass through the technology adoption lifecycle of innovation technology. The AM technology is continuously evolving through the introduction of PM materials, hybridization of AM and conventional manufacturing technologies, adoption of process diagnostics and control systems, and enhanced standardization of the whole lifecycle qualification and certification methodology.

Selective laser melting (SLM) can produce a layer of a metal powder and then fabricate a three-dimensional structure by a layer-by-layer method. Each layer consists of several lines of molten metal. Laser parameters and thermal properties of the materials affect the geometric characteristics of the melt pool such as its height, depth, and width. The geometrical characteristics of the melt pool are determined herein by optical microscopy and three-dimensional bulk structures are fabricated to investigate the relationship between them. Powders of the commercially available Fe-based tool steel AISI H13 and Ni-based superalloy Inconel 738LC are used to investigate the effect of material properties. Only the scan speed is controlled to change the laser parameters. The laser power and hatch space are maintained throughout the study. Laser of a higher energy density is seen to melt a wider and deeper range of powder and substrate; however, it does not correspond with the most highly densified three-dimensional structure. H13 shows the highest density at a laser scan speed of 200 mm/s whereas Inconel 738LC shows the highest density at 600 mm/s.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is defined as the manufacture of three-dimensional tangible products by additively consolidating two-dimensional patterns layer by layer. In this review, we introduce four fundamental conceptual pillars that support AM technology: the bottom-up manufacturing factor, computer-aided manufacturing factor, distributed manufacturing factor, and eliminated manufacturing factor. All the conceptual factors work together; however, business strategy and technology optimization will vary according to the main factor that we emphasize. In parallel to the manufacturing paradigm shift toward mass personalization, manufacturing industrial ecology evolves to achieve competitiveness in economics of scope. AM technology is indeed a potent candidate manufacturing technology for satisfying volatile and customized markets. From the viewpoint of the innovation technology adoption cycle, various pros and cons of AM technology themselves prove that it is an innovative technology, in particular a disruptive innovation in manufacturing technology, as powder technology was when ingot metallurgy was dominant. Chasms related to the AM technology adoption cycle and efforts to cross the chasms are considered.

본 연구의 목적은 시멘트계 복합재료의 적층을 위해 증점제를 적용하여 개발한 출력배합의 수축 특성을 평가하고, 프린팅 기법을 이용해 제작한 적층시험체와의 수축 특성을 비교하는 데 있다. 증점제 적용 시 수축이 기준배합과 비교하여 평균 25% 저감(56일 기준)되는 것을 확인하였다. 수축이 저감되는 긍정적인 효과에 반해 압축강도는 약 15% 감소(28일 기준)되는 부정적인 효과도 확인되었다. 출력배합을 이용해 제작한 적층시험체와 몰드시험체를 이용하여 수축을 평가한 결과, 적층시험체의 수축변형률이 약 25% 감소(28일 기준)되는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 3D 프린팅을 이용한 시멘트계 복합재료의 출력 시 수축의 진전속도와 수축으로 인한 균열의 발생시점을 예측할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

대퇴골은 사람의 뼈 중 가장 길며 체중을 지탱하는 골격체로 대퇴골간은 긴 파이프 모양이면서 안에 해면골이 거의 없어서 골절이 발생되면 재생이 어렵다. 사고로 인하여 발생되는 대퇴골의 골절은 골간부가 가장 높은 빈도로 발생한다. 골절의 수술방법은 골수강에 IM Nail을 삽입하여 골절부위를 고정하는 IM Nailing이다. 수술 시 대퇴골의 중심으로 진입하지 못하면 2차 골절 등의 피해가 발생하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 수술 전 대퇴골의 CT IMAGE을 이용하여 3D 프린터로 환자 맞춤형 대퇴골을 제작하여 골수강으로 IM Nailing 시뮬레이션을 할 수 있도록 하였다. 수술 중발생할 수 있는 2차적 손상을 방지 하고 시간 단축, 정밀한 수술을 할 수 있을 것이다.