To overcome recent emission regulation, various hybrid systems are being developed. In the E-4WD(electric four wheel drive) system, the engine and transmission drive the front wheel, electric motor and single reduction gear drive the rear wheel. As the gear ratio of the reduction gear set determines the electric motor's operating point, the gear ratio is important to enhancement efficiency of hybrid system. This study is to analyze motor reduction gear ratio's influence on E-4WD hybrid system for optimized efficiency and driving performance. Fuel economy, operating point of power source and hybrid mode are analyzed using simulation developed with dynamic programming method.

Active front steering(AFS) system is able not only to vary steering ratio between steering wheel and tire wheel but also to steer front tires independently. In this paper, steering gear ratios and an active steering algorithm are proposed for the AFS system. Steering gear ratio is a function of vehicle speed and steering angle. Active steering is generated when the error of yaw-rate is larger than some threshold. To verify the performance of yaw stability, hardware-in-the-loop simulation system is made up of column type active steering system, driving display, steering effort reaction system and controller

This study was carried out to design and develope conveyer combustion type coal heater in the green house. Different from existing coal heater, the conveyer combustion type coal heater was designed for circulating coal from supplying to exhausting. The size of traveling grate and velocity reduction gear ratio for driving traveling grate were designed to product coal heater had 200,000kcal/hr heating capacity. The result is that the coal heater of 200,000kcal/hr heating capacity was determined by the width of grate in between 600 to 800㎜ when the horizontal length of conveying combustion area was 1,500㎜. And the first and second reduction ratio of 1:100 and 1:70 was more effective at 1,350rpm, respectively, in the coal heater of 200,000kcal/hr heating capacity.