The GPS positioning method is widely used in the performance of forest tasks due to its convenient observation. But the result of GPS positioning without precise GPS measurements or DGPS method generally includes relatively large positioning errors. In case of mountainous regions, these positioning errors more increase because tree canopies or topographies interfere GPS satellite signals. Thus, observers have to consider how large positioning errors are included under the various observation condition in mountainous regions. In this study, we conducted a real-time GPS positioning experiment in the mountainous region with widely used three hand-held GPS measurements and a precise GPS measurement in Korea Forest Service. We observed the positioning data at various regions of topography and physiognomy. Finally, we analyzed the RMSE of each GPS positioning results under various mountain environments.

Grip strength is an objective indicator for evaluating the functional movement of upper extremities. Therapists have been using it for a long time as an excellent barometer for evaluating the therapy process, therapeutic effects and prognosis of patients with injuries in upper extremities. This study investigated the effects of extensor pattern position and elastic taping of non-dominant hand on the grip strength of dominant hand among general adults. The subjects of this study were 23 males and 7 females from physical therapy departments of 3 Universities located in Busan who agreed to participate in the experiment and the resultant data were analyzed using SPSS version 12.0. The results of the study were as follows. First, there was a significant difference between the grip strength of dominant hand when the non-dominant hand was at the neutral position and that when the non-dominant hand was at the extensor pattern position and both hands were at the maximum strength simultaneously (Bonferroni-corrected p<.001). Second, there was a significant difference between the grip strength of dominant hand when the non-dominant hand was at the neutral position and that when the elastic taping of non-dominant hand was applied (Bonferroni-corrected p<.001). Third, there was no significant difference between the grip strength of dominant hand when the non-dominant hand was at the extensor pattern position and both hands were at the maximum strength simultaneously and that when the elastic taping of non-dominant hand was applied. The irradiation effects through the extensor pattern position of non-dominant hand and application of the elastic taping to non-dominant hand showed significant results in improving the maximum grip strength of dominant hand. This finding could be suggested as the probability for the indirect treatment of the upper extremities of hemiplegia and orthopedic patients due to the long-term fixing of upper extremities.

Twenty normal female subjects participated in a study designed to motion on the time required to complete manual tasks from the Jebsen Hand Function Test. The Jebsen Hand Function Test consists of seven subtests: writing; turning cards; picking up small objects; simulating feeding; stacking checkers; picking up large and light objects; picking up large and heavy objects. At this study, writing was excluded. Activities were performed with the wrist free and with the wrist immobilized by the volar splints that were flexed 40" and 80" . Data were analyzed using the MANOVA(Mu1tiple analysis of variance) and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The results showed that the time for performing the subtasks(turning cards, picking up small objects, stacking checkers) statistically significantly decreased during a wrist 40" flexion rather than a wrist free. Especially when a wrist was flexed 80" , the performing time of all subtasks statistically significantly decreased rather than a wrist free. Only one subtask(simu1ating feeding), 20-29 years old female statistically significantly decreased in performing time rather than 30-39 years old female with a wrist free. This study presents that a hand function is affected by a variable wrist position.