This review focuses on the hydrological definition and functions of hyporheic zone which has a feature of interaction between surface water and groundwater in natural stream system. This work also investigated how to measure the amount of flow exchange around this zone. As hyporheic zone shows heterogeneous feature due to groundwater level, river bed thickness, and hydraulic conductivity, spatio-temporal variation of interactions between surface-groundwater hydrologic exchange is to be analyzed. The methods to quantify this flow exchange can be classified according to field scale and status, the proper method should be adopted. Especially, Krause et al. (2007), showed that the flow exchange plays an important role in water balance in watershed and can be quantified by using integrated watershed hydrologic modeling.

We observed the pollen grains and fruits of six Isodon taxa distributed in Korea using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The muri thickness on the surface of the pollen grains distinguishes Isodon serra from other taxa: the thickness of I. serra is ca. 0.6 μm, while the thicknesses of other taxa are 0.37~0.49 μm. I. inflexus var. canescens has a relatively nutlet small (about 0.93×0.83 mm) compared to other Korean Isodon taxa (about 1.15~1.37×1.02~1.17 mm). Characteristically, a nutlet of I. inflexus var. microphyllus has non-glandular hairs distributed all over its surface. However, I. serra has non-glandular hairs distributed only on the top of the nutlet while it has glandular hairs broadly distributed over the entire nutlet. We suggested that these characters of the pollen and fruit surfaces can be included in the key to Korean Isodon as diagnostic characters to distinguish the above taxa from other Korean taxa.

We report recent flora of vascular plants in Mt. Soyo and compare it with previously reported floras by Lee and Yim (2002), Jang et al. (1999) and Kim and Han (2000). Fieldwork was investigated from April to October in 2007, from April to October in 2012, and supplemented by photos taken from 2003 to 2012. As a result, Vascular plants based on voucher specimens were summarized as 564 taxa, including 102 families, 331 genera, 493 species, 4 subspecies, 54 varieties, and 13 forms. Among the investigated 564 taxa, 15 Korean endemic species, 75 floristic regional indicator plants by the Ministry of the Environment were also included, 16 rare plants, and 29 naturalized plants. Growth overall plant species, Korean endemic plants, specially designated plants and rare plants was decrease then Lee and Yim (2002) but naturalized plants was increase. This result is due to human intervention, such as construction of roads, parking and so many hikers. In addition, one of the effects of heavy rains. We need to the ecological monitoring and regulation of hikers for the preservation of plant species diversity in Mt. Soyo.

The vascular plants of Mt. Gulbong, Munkyeong were summarized as 302 taxa including 82 families, 214 genera, 259 species, 3 subspecies, 35 varieties and 5 forms. Furthermore, Therophytes (Th) were 71 taxa (23.5%), Hemicryptophytes (H) were 63 taxa (20.9%), Geophytes (G) were 44 taxa (14.6%) showed high proportional ratio in life form. The rare plants were 4 taxa including Aristolochia contorta (LC), Penthorum chinense (LC), Rhododendron micranthum (VU) and Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica (VU). The endemic plants were 3 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi and Paulownia coreana. The specific plants were 15 taxa including Pinus koraiensis, Celtis aurantiaca, Angelica gigas, Lonicera praeflorens, Monochoria korsakowii and so forth. The naturalized plants were 18 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum, Tagetes minuta and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 2 taxa including Sicyos angulatus and Aster pilosus. Naturalization index (NI) was 5.9% of all 305 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 5.6% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants.

In order to use as a new functional food material, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and Vitamin C of cherry and acacia honey which were produced in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 87.51% of cherry honey and it was 93.06% of acacia honey. In the case of cherry honey, main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GCMS analysis were trichloromethane, propylcarbinol, methacide, cyclopentane, tetrafinol etc. and main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were formyl trichloride, propanal, furfurylaldehyde, pyrazole, benzenecarbonal etc. Also, in occasion of acacia honey, main organic compounds were trichloromethan, Acetoxyethane, Hexanaphthene, acetidin etc. and main aromatic compounds were Hydrazomethan, Azulene, Cyclotrisiloxane, Hydrazine etc. Proximate composition was crude protein 0.33%, crude fat 0.15%, crude ash 0.47% in cherry honey and crude protein 0.10%, crude fat 0.44%, crude ash 0.06% in acacia honey. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC was fructose 37.05%, glucose 27.29%, total sugars 64.34% in cherry honey and fructose 48.52%, glucose 24.29%, total sugars 72.81% in acacia honey. Vitamin C was not detected in two sample honeys. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 25 kinds in cherry honey, K 9.762 ppm¤Si 5.628 ppm ¤Na 5.096 ppm¤Ca 2.224 ppm etc. and total 22 kinds in sacacia honey, Na 4.527 ppm¤Si 3.420 ppm¤K 3.091 ppm¤Zn 1.482 ppm etc.

This study is to construct the spatial information of river environment by surveying and analysing the river ecosystem using the physical structure and vegetation, and present the assessment result of natural properties. The assessment items of habitat were 4 units including special river bed structure, vertical shoal, deposit diversity and special waterway structure. In physical structure, the items were 7 units including adjacent landuse, cross section type, bank material and so forth. The dominant species were Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis, Salix koreensis, Persicaria thunbergii and Typha orientalis. The river bed materials were made up of sand, gravel, clay and concrete. The assessment results of natural properties were classified into 5 grades, 1 grade is the highest and 5 grade is the lowest. From results that calculating the assessment grade of natural properties, there mainly showed 4 grade in Gaeumjeong stream, 3 grade in Namsan stream and Nam stream, 4 grade in Naedong stream and Daebang stream, 3 grade in Bongrim stream, 2 grade in Sangbok stream, 3 grade in Yanggok stream, 4 grade in Wanam stream, 3 grade in Changwon stream and Towol stream and 5 grade in Hanam stream. In the assessment results, Sangbok stream was the highest, and Hanam stream was the lowest. In the future, the restoration method would have to be drawn up according to the assessment results of natural properties, and the way the weighting of indicators needs to be applied.

The GPS positioning method is widely used in the performance of forest tasks due to its convenient observation. But the result of GPS positioning without precise GPS measurements or DGPS method generally includes relatively large positioning errors. In case of mountainous regions, these positioning errors more increase because tree canopies or topographies interfere GPS satellite signals. Thus, observers have to consider how large positioning errors are included under the various observation condition in mountainous regions. In this study, we conducted a real-time GPS positioning experiment in the mountainous region with widely used three hand-held GPS measurements and a precise GPS measurement in Korea Forest Service. We observed the positioning data at various regions of topography and physiognomy. Finally, we analyzed the RMSE of each GPS positioning results under various mountain environments.

This study were performed in Tropical Plant Resources Research Center of Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Korea to assess the effects of beneficial insects against Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) on Phyllanthus acidus (Linnaeus) Skeels and Tetranychus urticae Koch on Acalypha wilkesiana Muell Arg. We investigated the density of leaf-feeding P. comstocki at intervals of approximately 2 weeks and T. urticae at intervals of approximately 1 weeks after introducing their natural enemies; Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. The densities of P. comstocki were suppressed 80.0% (after 4 weeks) and 97.5% (after 8 weeks) after introducing C. nipponensis. The densities of T. urticae were suppressed 84.1% (after 4 weeks) and 99.6% (after 6 weeks) after introducing P. persimilis.