In order to use as a new functional food material, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and Vitamin C of sorbus and acacia honey which were produced in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 77% of sorbus honey and it was 93.06% of acacia honey. In the case of sorbus honey, main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GC-MS analysis were trichloromethane, propylcarbinol, cyclopentane, acetoxyethane, tetrasol, aziridine etc. and main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were Skelly solve, Benzaldehyde, Hyacinthin, Dodecanal, Lauraldehyde etc. Also, in occasion of acacia honey, main organic compounds were trichloromethan, Acetoxyethane, Hexanaphthene, acetidin etc. and main aromatic compounds were Hydrazomethan, Azulene, Cyclotrisiloxane, Hydrazine etc. Proximate composition was crude protein 0.54%, crude fat 0.44%, crude ash 0.25% in sorbus honey and crude protein 0.10%, crude fat 0.29%, crude ash 0.06% in acacia honey. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC was fructose 26.81%, glucose 20.42%, total sugars 47.23% in sorbus honey and fructose 48.52%, glucose 24.29%, total sugars 72.81% in acacia honey. Vitamin C was not detected in two sample honeys. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 18 kinds in sorbus honey, K 11.715 ppm>Na 7.857 ppm>Si 4.407 ppm>Ca 3.673 ppm etc. and total 22 kinds in acacia honey, Na 4.527 ppm>Si 3.420 ppm>K 3.091 ppm>Zn 1.482 ppm etc.

In order to use as a new functional food material, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and vitamin C of canola honey which were produced in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 90.5% and main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GC-MS analysis were propyl carbinol, cyclopentane, trichloromethane, vinegar naphtha and so on. Also, main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were diisooctyl adipate, furole, furaldehyde, cyclotetrasiloxane, trisulfide and many more. As proximate composition, crude ash content was lower than acacia honey (0.06%) and manuka honey (0.24%) by 0.01%, and crude protein was higher than acacia honey (0.10%) by 0.23%, but the crude fat of canola and manuka honey was lower content than acacia honey (0.44%) by 0.10%. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC consisted of fructose 44.11%, glucose 22.72%, and total sugars was 66.83%. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 15 kinds, Na 7.157 ppm>Ca 5.934 ppm>Si 4.049 ppm>K 1.443 ppm>Mg 1.218 ppm etc. Vitamin C was not detected.

In order to use as a new functional food material, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and Vitamin C of cherry and acacia honey which were produced in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 87.51% of cherry honey and it was 93.06% of acacia honey. In the case of cherry honey, main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GCMS analysis were trichloromethane, propylcarbinol, methacide, cyclopentane, tetrafinol etc. and main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were formyl trichloride, propanal, furfurylaldehyde, pyrazole, benzenecarbonal etc. Also, in occasion of acacia honey, main organic compounds were trichloromethan, Acetoxyethane, Hexanaphthene, acetidin etc. and main aromatic compounds were Hydrazomethan, Azulene, Cyclotrisiloxane, Hydrazine etc. Proximate composition was crude protein 0.33%, crude fat 0.15%, crude ash 0.47% in cherry honey and crude protein 0.10%, crude fat 0.44%, crude ash 0.06% in acacia honey. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC was fructose 37.05%, glucose 27.29%, total sugars 64.34% in cherry honey and fructose 48.52%, glucose 24.29%, total sugars 72.81% in acacia honey. Vitamin C was not detected in two sample honeys. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 25 kinds in cherry honey, K 9.762 ppm¤Si 5.628 ppm ¤Na 5.096 ppm¤Ca 2.224 ppm etc. and total 22 kinds in sacacia honey, Na 4.527 ppm¤Si 3.420 ppm¤K 3.091 ppm¤Zn 1.482 ppm etc.

We report recent flora of vascular plants in Mt. Soyo and compare it with previously reported floras by Lee and Yim (2002), Jang et al. (1999) and Kim and Han (2000). Fieldwork was investigated from April to October in 2007, from April to October in 2012, and supplemented by photos taken from 2003 to 2012. As a result, Vascular plants based on voucher specimens were summarized as 564 taxa, including 102 families, 331 genera, 493 species, 4 subspecies, 54 varieties, and 13 forms. Among the investigated 564 taxa, 15 Korean endemic species, 75 floristic regional indicator plants by the Ministry of the Environment were also included, 16 rare plants, and 29 naturalized plants. Growth overall plant species, Korean endemic plants, specially designated plants and rare plants was decrease then Lee and Yim (2002) but naturalized plants was increase. This result is due to human intervention, such as construction of roads, parking and so many hikers. In addition, one of the effects of heavy rains. We need to the ecological monitoring and regulation of hikers for the preservation of plant species diversity in Mt. Soyo.

본 논문의 목적은 추사의「세한도」에 나타난 예술세계를 불교적 사 유의 미학 관점에서 파악하고, 그것이 오늘날 우리에게 던져주는 메 시지가 무엇인지 살펴보고자 하는 데 있다. 「세한도」는 추사가 제주 도 유배지에서 외로움과 고독, 절망의 끝에서 창작된 그의 예술세계 의 절정을 보여주는 수묵화이다. 여기에는 이무 것도 그리지 않은 듯 한 그림 저편에 실로 형언할 없는 사건과 얼룩진 트라우마와 당대의 풍경이 존재하고 있다. 즉 제자 이상적의 변함없는 마음을 푸르름을 잃지 않는 송백(松柏)에 비유하여 그린「세한도」에는 사제지간의 석 교(石交)의 깊은 정이 담겨 있다. 「세한도」에 내재된 중요한 코드 중의 하나는 불교적 사유의 미학이 라 할 수 있다. 무엇보다도 추사와 이상적과의 깊은 우정을 담아낸 「세한도」는 단순한 그림이 아니라 텅 비어 고요하며 탈속과 성찰, 그 리고 비움의 정신을 바탕으로 한 불가의 선적 사유를 드러내 보인다. 이는 간결, 비움, 과감한 생략 등 선적 인식을 바탕으로 시·서·화 를 융합시켜 선과 각 예술의 이치가 다르지 않다는 점을 말해 준다. 간결하면서도 모든 것이 걸러지고 생략된 비움의 정신이 깃든「세한 도」는 구도에 가까운 염결성과 사제지간의 석교의 아름다움이 내재 되어 있다. 이처럼 추사가 문기의 경계를 넘어 선기가 충만한 선적 그림을 남긴 것은 그가 선의 세계에 깊이 침잠한 삶을 살았기에 가능 한 것이었다. 「세한도」의‘후조(後凋)’의 정신은 추사 한 사람만의 감 회가 아니라 조선의 모든 선비들의 정신이자 오늘날 우리가 본받아 야 할 정신이다.

The aim this study is to establish the floristic composition of vascular plants of Mt. Gwangdeok. The survey was performed 12 times from May to November in 2007 and April to November in 2011. Vascular plants observed were 539 taxa containing 100 families, 317 genera, 467 species, 6 subspecies, 60 varieties and 6 formae. Among the investigated plants, 17 taxa (3.1%) were Korean endemic. The rare plants designated by the Korea Forestry Service in this region were 20 taxa. The floristically and geographically important plants were 90 taxa: grade I, II, III, IV, and V species were 29, 25, 21, 11, and 4 taxa, respectively. 32 taxa (9.9%) were found in this region and it is relevant to 5.9% of the total taxa number of this region.

본 논문의 목적은 초의선사(1786-1866)의 우리 차의 우수함과 이 로운 점을 찬탄하는『동다송』을 중심으로 선다시와 마음치유 관계성 의 시학을 살펴보는데 있다. 시와 글씨 그림과 차에 뛰어나 4절이라 불리는 초의선사는 전남 무안출생으로, 속성은 장씨이고 법명은 의 순(意恂), 초의는 법호, 중부(中孚)는 이름이다. 24세 때, 다산 정약용, 추사 김정희, 해거도인 홍현주, 자하 신위 등 거유들과의 만남은 초의의 생애에 전환점이 되었다. 그들과의 교 유는 초의의 일생동안 유지되었으며, 초의의 독특한 차 정신을 발전 시키는데 영향을 미쳤음은 물론 그의 정신토대를 확립하는데 크게 도움이 되었다. 초의에게 선과 차는 둘이 아니라 하나였다. 다시 말해, '다선일미'였 던 것이다. 여기에는 마음을 수양과 찻자리 사이에는 어떠한 다름이 없다는 것이 함축되어 있다. 차와 선을 할 때에는 마음의 고요와 집 중이 있어야 한다. 그러한‘다선삼매’의 상태에서는 얻음과 상실, 사 랑과 미움, 너와 나 등 이항 대립이 있을 수 없다. 때문에 초의는 한 잔의 차에 법희선열이 녹아있다고 생각하고 다선삼매에서 법희선열 을 즐겼을 뿐만 아니라 타인들과 차를 즐겨 마시며 정담을 나누고 교 유를 했다. 따라서 정성을 다해 차를 만들고 마심으로써 집중과 통찰을 높이고 마음을 맑히며 깨달음에 이르렀던 선사들의 선다시를 읽고 감상하는 것은 오감의 정화는 물론 베품과‘내려놓기’,‘ 비움’을 통해 불안과 스트레스를 받으며 살아가는 현대인들의 마음을 치유하는 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

To address infra-specific relationships of Lilium cernuum Kom., and to provide the fundamental information for developing new horticultural variations, we analyzed the morphology of individuals in natural populations. It observed the external form of L. cernuum Kom., and described through dividing by each type according to a form, number and length in each organ, to distribution aspect of prop roots, and to appearance of spot in perianth lobe. Also, it described after observing the internal form and structure in each organ. As for analysis of main ingredient (PCA) by character in L. cernuum Kom., as a result of carrying out analysis of main ingredient in order to examine the appearance of being available for habitat-based distinction in L. cernuum Kom. by selecting 3 traits (length in upper leaf, length in lower leaf, length in scape), which show difference by region out of the quantitative joint characters in the selected individual, 3 wide-area groups were mutually overlapped. Thus, the group-based difference was difficult to be found. However, the following tendency could be found. In other words, as the group of L. cernuum Kom. in the northern area moves south along the Taebaek mountain range, the tendency was indicated that the lower to the Nakdong-jeongmaek leads to getting shorter in scape, to getting longer in the upper leaf, and to get shorter and then longer in the lower leaf. As another group goes down by diverging from the Taebaek mountain range to the Sobaek Mountains, the tendency was indicated that the scape gets longer and that length in the upper and lower leaves gets shorter.

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Icheon-si (Gyeonggi-do). This work was investigated during the April to November in 2011. Some areas 2002, 2004, 2007 collected data were used. Vascular plants based on voucher specimens were summarized as 547 taxa, including 99 families, 313 genera, 475 species, 4 subspecies, 58 varieties, and 10 forms. Among the investigated 547 taxa, 6 Korean endemic species, 7 rare plants and 43 specially designated plants by the Ministry of the Environment were also included. A naturalized plants were 47 species, correspond to 14.6% of totaling 321 species appeared in South Korea.

This study was is to establish the floristic composition of vascular plants of Sinan-gun, Korea. The field works performed 26 times from April to November in 2010. Vascular plants observed were 768 taxa containing 118 families, 428 genera, 674 species, 1 subspecies, 81 varieties and 12 formae. Among the investigated plants, 13 taxa (2.4%) were Korean endemic. The rare plants designated by the Korea Forestry Service in this region were 27 taxa. The floristically and geographically important plants were 112 taxa: grade I, II, III, IV, and V species were 68, 7, 26, 3, and 8 taxa, respectively. In the 321 naturalized plants in Korea, 78 taxa (24.3%) were found in this region and it is relevant to 10.2% of the total taxa number of this region. As a endangered species designated by the Ministry of Environment of Korea, we report Millettia japonica (grade II) in this region.

This study was carried out to classify the regional folk plants in northern area of Gyeonggi-do. According to the survey results from 238 survey sheets of 223 residents at 65 places of 11 counties and cities from March to October, 2010, the folk plants in north of Gyeonggi-do consisted of a total 238 taxa; 84 families, 194 genera, 207 species, 3 subspecies, 26 varieties, and 2 form. The use by its usage was: 146 taxa; edible, 93 taxa; medicinal, 7 taxa; dye, 3 taxa; aroma, 4 taxa; spice, 4 taxa; ornamental, 12 taxa; fiber, 6 taxa; oil, 51 taxa; others, respectively, so the edible use is the highest. The most useful part was the leaf, followed by root and fruit. The consistency comparison between the scientific name and the local name was the lowest in 40's.

This study was to establish the floristic composition of resources vascular plants of Mt. Yongmunsan (1,157m). This work was investigated during the April to September in 2009. Resources vascular plants were composed of 97 families, 267 genera, 351 species, 4 subspecies, 38 varieties and 7 formae, total 400 taxa. Among the investigated resources plants, 11 taxa (2%) were Korean endemic species. The special plants based on floral region by Ministry of Environment were 39 taxa; V grade species 1 taxa, IV grade species 3 taxa, III grade species 6 taxa, II grade species 9 taxa and I grade species 20 taxa. A naturalized plants were 23 species, correspond to 7.93% of total 290 species appeared in South Korea.

This study was performed to investigate the flora of Gangneung-si (Kangwon-do). The collected vascular plants were composed of all 903 taxa including cultivated species, and classified into 755 species, 1 subspecies, 124 varieties, and 23 forms of 450 genera under 126 families. Among the investigated vascular plants, 16 taxa were Korean endemic species. Law-protected plants by Ministry of Environment were 2 taxa. The special plants based on floral region by Ministry of Environment (2006) were 75 taxa; V rank species 2 taxa, IV rank species 9 taxa, III rank species 21 taxa, II rank species 14 taxa, and I rank species 29 taxa. A naturalized plants were 45 species, correspond to 15.5% of totaling 290 species appeared in South Korea. Floristic geography of the investigated area was regarded as the boundary between middle regions in floristic pattern of the Korean peninsula.

This study was to establish the floristic composition of resources vascular plants of North-East slope in Mt. Songni (1,057.7 m). This work was investigated during the period of April to October 2006. Resources vascular plants were composed of 79 families, 215 genera, 296 species, 4 subspecies, 33 varieties and 6 formae, totaling 339 taxa. Among the investigated resources plants, 15 taxa (2.63%) were Korean endemic species. The special plants based on floral region by Ministry of Environment were 38 taxa; V rank species 2 taxa, IV rank species 2 taxa, III rank species 10 taxa, II rank species 10 taxa and I rank species 14 taxa. A naturalized plants were 8 species, correspond to 2.74% of totaling 292 naturalized species appeared in South Korea.

복계산 일대에 자생하는 관속식물은 80과 250속 350종 51변종 9품종으로 총 410종류가 자생하는 것으로 조사되었다. 조사된 410 분류군 중 한국특산식물은 특산속인 금강초롱꽃속을 포함하여 총 15종류였으며 식물구계학적 특정식물도 63분류군이 분포하는 것으로 조사되었다. 귀화식물은 6과 10속 11종 1변종으로 총 12분류군이 분포하였으며, 생활형조성은 H-D4-R5-e type을 보였고, 식물의 유용도는 식용자원이 49.8%로 가장 높았고, 목초용(38.3%), 약용(33.2%) 및 관상용(11.2%)의 순으로 나타났다. 복계산의 식생은 신갈나무 군락군(Quercetalia mongolicae community group)으로 대표되며, 하위군락으로는 소나무-신갈나무군락(Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community), 박달나무-신갈나무군락(Betula schmidtii-Quercus mongolica community)과 전형군락(typical community)이 형성되어 있고, 남서쪽 계곡으로는 가래나무군락(Juglans mandshurica community)이 분포하였다.

본 연구는 경상북도 중북부지역 낙동강 중류의 하천 식물상을 밝히고, 생활형을 파악하여 향후 유사지역 하천에서의 관속 식물상 조사연구에 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 현지 조사는 2016년 5월부터 10월, 2017년 4월부터 10월에 걸쳐 영강, 내성천, 병성천, 위천 및 감천 등 5개 하천에서 실시하였고, 조사결과 조사지역에서 생육하는 관속식물은 99과 288속 421 종 4아종 39변종 10품종 등 총 474분류군이었다. 이 중 양치식물은 8과 8속 10종 1변종 등 11분류군, 나자식물은 3과 3속 4종 등 4분류군, 쌍자엽식물 73과 217속 312종 3아종 25변종 8품종 등 348분류군, 단자엽식물 14과 60속 95종 1아종 13변종 2품종 등 111분류군으로 나타났다. 특산식물은 5분류군이 조사되었고, 식물구계학적특정종으로 중요도가 높은 Ⅲ등급 이상을 살 펴보면 Ⅴ등급은 조사되지 않았으며, Ⅳ등급 3분류군, Ⅲ등급 5분류군이 조사되었다. 희귀식물은 7분류군이 조사되었고, 귀화식물은 73분류군으로 조사되었다. 조사지역 소산식물의 생활형 분석결과 Th 159분류군, H 91분류군, HH 68분류군, G 52 분류군, N 35분류군, MM 32분류군, M 25분류군, Ch 12분류군, E 1분류군 등으로 나타났다.

En général, L’abus de confiance est maintenant incriminé et puni par l’article 314-1 du Code pénal, aux termes duquel :« L'abus de confiance est le fait par une personne de détourner ,au préjudice d'autrui, des fonds, des valeurs ou un bien quelconque qui lui ont été remis et qu'elle a acceptés à charge de les rendre, de les représenter ou d'en faire un usage déterminé. L'abus de confiance est puni de trois ans d'emprisonnement et de 375.000 euros d'amende ». L'abus de confiance couvre tous les agissements de détournement de fonds ou d'objet qui ont été confiés à une personne de confiance. le détournement de fonds est l'appropriation frauduleuse de biens par quelqu'un pour son propre intérêt à qui l'on avait fait confiance pour gérer l'argent et les fonds détenus par un autre individu ou par une organisation tiers. Les fonds peuvent être des fonds sociaux ou des fonds publics. Il s’agit ici moins de protéger la propriété d’autrui que de protéger les droits des créanciers. En cela l’infraction se distingue de l’abus de confiance qui, quant à elle protège non pas le créancier, mais le propriétaire ou le possesseur d’un bien. Si un débiteur, propriétaire de la chose remise en gage, détourne le bien gagé, il se rend coupable, non pas d’abus de confiance, mais de détournement d’objet constitué en gage. L'arrêt de la cour suprême coréene, jugé l'accord de puissance de corps, du 21 âout. 2014 a décidé que "le détournement est l’acte par lequel un individu dépossède une personne d’un bien qu’elle lui a confié. Il constitue l’élément matériel des délits de la nature de l’abus de confiance" et que "l'article 355 du Code pénal coréen nest pas applicable au cas oú le détournement d’objet constitué en gage est intervenue après la vente tardif pour le tiers." En effet, cet arrêt de la cour suprême coréene a changé son opinion postérieure, malheureusement, sans l'explication concrète. De ce point de vue, il est naturel de critiquer la constatation de cet arrêt de la cour suprême coréenne.

En général, le détournement de fonds est l'appropriation frauduleuse de biens par quelqu'un pour son propre intérêt à qui l'on avait fait confiance pour gérer l'argent et les fonds détenus par un autre individu ou par une organisation tiers. Les fonds peuvent être des fonds sociaux ou des fonds publics. Les qualifications pénales d'abus de biens sociaux et d'abus de confiance sont voisines. L'abus de confiance couvre tous les agissements de détournement de fonds ou d'objet qui ont été confiés à une personne de confiance. Il s'agit ici moins de protéger la propriété d’autrui que de protéger les droits des créanciers. En cela l’infraction se distingue de l'abus de confiance qui, quant à elle protège non pas le créancier, mais le propriétaire ou le possesseur d'un bien. Si un débiteur, propriétaire de la chose remise en gage, détourne le bien gagé, il se rend coupable, non pas d’abus de confiance, mais de détournement d’objet constitué en gage. Ici, le cas, en l'espece, est du détournement d’objet constitué en gage: Il s'agit du fait, par un preteur du nom pour fiducie par l'organisme de propriété de famille de détourner l'objet constitué en gage. En général, l’incrimination s'applique à tout gage, qu'il s'agisse d'un gage avec dépossession ou sans dépossession, d’un gage civil ou commercial, d'un gage conventionnel ou d'un gage légal. L'arrêt de la cour suprême coréenne, jugé l'accord de puissance de corps, du 21 fev. 2013 a décidé que "le détournement est l'acte par lequel un individu dépossède une personne d'un bien qu'elle lui a confié. Il constitue l'élément matériel des délits de la nature de l'abus de confiance" et que "l'article 355 du Code pénal coréen est applicable au cas où le détournement d'objet constitué en gage est intervenue après la vente tardif pour le tiers." En effet, cet arrêt de la cour suprême coréene a changé son opinion postérieure, malheureusement, sans l'explication concrète. A mon avis, cet arrêt de la cour suprême coréene a refusé de bien respecter "le principe de non-punissabilité de l'acte postérieure en cas de l'abus de confiance". De ce point de vue, il est très naturel de critiquer la constatation de cet arrêt de la cour suprême coréenne.

The phytosociological study was carried out to investigate the Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana community structural characteristics and soil environment of Mt. Baegun in Pochen. The vegetation data of total 9 relevés were analyzed by the Zurich-Montpellier school's method. Three communities of Mt. Baegun were recognized : Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana - Quercus mongolica community, Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana - Carpinus laxiflora community, Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana typical community. The reanalysis to Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana community structural characteristics in south area classified 8 communities by literature. PCA analysis of Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana community distributed in the middle and southern area showed that the Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana community of the Mt. Jiri in the southern area was highly correlated with the one of Mt. Baegun in the middle area.

Selon alinéa 1 de l'article 314 du Code pénal coréen, l'entrave de la liberté du travail se constitue dans le fait de porter atteinte à la libre exercice du travail à l'aide de violences, voies de fait, menaces ou manoeuvres frauduleuses. En général, la grève est considerée comme l'entrave de la liberté du travail à condition d'être la raison de cessation concertée en collectivité de travail. L'arrêt de la Cour suprême coréene du 17 mars 2011 a décidé que la grève peut être considerée comme l'entrave du travail à condition que la cessation concertée de travail en collctivité soit imprevue. De ce point de vue, il nous faut qu,examiner la necessité des conditions de la grève ,exigées par cet arrêt de la cour suprême. L'article 414 du Code pénal francais(Créé par Loi 1810-02-19 promulguée le 1er mars 1810 Modifié par Loi 1864-05-25 art.1 Modifié par Loi 56-1327 1956-12-29 art.7 JORF 30 décembre 1956 Abrogé par Loi n°92-1336 du 16 décembre 1992 - art.372 (V) JORF 23 décembre 1992 en vigueur le 1er mars 1994) prevoit que “Sera puni d'un emprisonnement de six jours à trois ans et d'une amende de 500 F à 20.000 F, ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement, quiconque, à l'aide de violences, voies de fait, menaces ou manoeuvres frauduleuses, aura amené ou maintenu, tenté d'amener ou de maintenir une cessation concertée de travail, dans le but de forcer la hausse ou la baisse des salaires ou de porter atteinte au libre exercice de l'industrie ou du travail.” A mon avis, les conditions de la grève doivent être plus précisement indiquées dans l'article 314 du Code pénal coréen pour être considerée comme l'entrave de la liberté du travail à condition que la cessation concertée de travail en collctivité soit imprevue. L'arrêt precité de la Cour suprême coréene est discutable sur le point de savoir si ces conditions est réellement nécessaies.