Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a harmful algae that in Korea, has caused red tide in the southern and eastern coastal water of Korea from summer to early autumn since 1990, triggering fishing damage each year. To reduce and prevent this damage, loess is generally sprayed in the field conditions, but in recent years, the red tide coverage is becoming extensive, and thus there is a need to secure the removal materials for the long-term ocean environment changes. This study sought to confirm the use of kaolin with low trace metal content and the organism-extracted chitooligosaccharide as a C. polykrikoides removal material. The kaolin's removal efficiency by its concentration, using C. polykrikoides cultures, was measured, showing that there was no change to pH, and that, within 30 minutes, the removal effect stood at 21~62%. The test of chitooligosaccharide by its concentration showed that, with the pH change range (5.58~8.88), the removal effect was low at 9~30%. But, the successive injection of the mixture of kaolin and chitooligosaccharide into the cultures revealed that, while the kaolin concentration was irrelevant to the removal efficiency, upon the supply of over 2mL chitooligosaccharide, the removal efficiency increased to 62?91% with normal pH values (7.01~7.34) being measured. To ensure easy onsite spray of the kaolin and chitooligosaccharide mixture, its dry crashed substance was tested, revealing that, when the ratio of kaolin : chitooligosaccharide was 1:10, the removal efficiency was higher than 85%, and that there is a need for boosting cost-efficiency considering the easiness of spraying, drying time and the supply amount.

Cost for plant survey has been dramatically reduced due to the development of mobile technology to obtain pictures with their GPS coordination. We developed a PlantGPS system consisting of an Android application specialized for collecting plant pictures and their locations using mobile devices, a server-side component for uploading data, and a web-based interface for managing and analyzing data. As examples of application of our PlantGPS system, surveys of “plants in Nangsae (Daksum) Island” and “ferns in Chollipo arboretum” were conducted. Results showed that our PlantGPS system could be used to quickly survey plant distribution in restricted area with reasonable time and effort.

This survey was conducted as a sector study of a reasonable management plan for uninhabited islands. we conducted bird surveys at 233 uninhabited islands of Shinan-gun, Jindo-gun, Wando-gun in Jeollanam-do from May to October, 2012. In this study, total 26 family and 39 species were observed. Among them three bird species, falcon, eagle owl, oyster catcher belonged in endangered category I and II which is protected by the law in Korea, and four species, tattler, storm petrel, streaked shearwater, oyster catcher which are Near Threatened (NT) according to IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) Red List (2015) were observed. Uninhabited islands are used as habitats of many resident and/or stopover birds and need to be conserved and protected from destroying by human outdoor activities. This survey is to aim at making a comprehensive plan to conserve these islands if necessary.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of soils from the forest fire burned area in Gyeongju National Park. According to the physical characteristics of soils, soil temperatures and soil moistures in reforestation area (site 2 and 3) and natural restoration area (site 4 and 5) were higher than in control area (site 1). In terms of chemical characteristics, hydrogen exponents (pH) in reforestation area and natural restoration area were higher than in control area. The rates of available phosphoric acid (P2O5) in control area and reforestation area (site 1) had high rates, but rates in reforestation area (site 2) and in natural restoration area (site 5) had low rates. The rates of accumulated organic matter (O. M.) in reforestation area and natural restoration area were lower than in control area. The percentages of total nitrogen (T. N.) were analyzed similarly in all study areas and soils from reforestation area and natural restoration area had higher cation exchange capacity (CEC) than from control area. Therefore these results determines that soils from the forest fire burned area are being restored to normal gradually.

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for selecting the ecological and landscape conservation area by surveying and analyzing the vascular plants in Maebong, Gyeongbuk, Korea. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 459 taxa including 93 families, 286 genera, 393 species, 4 subspecies, 52 varieties and 10 forms. The rare plants were 5 taxa including Cimicifuga heracleifolia var. bifida, Aristolochia contorta, Viola albida, Rhododendron micranthum and Adenophora grandiflora. The Korean endemic plants were 13 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Vicia chosenensis, Asperula lasiantha, Carex okamotoi and so forth. In the specific plants by floristic region, a degree I were 19 taxa, 14 taxa of a degree II, 7 taxa of a degree III, each 1 taxa of a degree IV and V. The naturalized plants were 33 taxa including Rumex crispus, Cerastium glomeratum, Chenopodium ficifolium, Ipomoea hederacea, Dactylis glomerata and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Aster pilosus.

This study is to offer the raw data for conservation of river ecosystem by surveying and analysing the vascular plants in the upper reach of Seomjin River, Jeonbuk. The flora were summarized as 487 taxa including 105 families, 307 genera, 433 species, 3 subspecies, 45 varieties and 6 forms. The rare plants were 3 taxa including Penthorum chinense, Chionanthus retusus and Tricyrtis macropoda. The Korean endemic plants were 7 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Philadelphus schrenkii, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis and Lycoris flavescens. The specific plants by floristic region were 35 taxa including Hypodematium glandulosa-pilosum, Wistaria floribunda, Selaginella tamariscina, Salix siuzevii, Monochoria korsakowii and so forth. The naturalized plants were 63 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum, Phytolacca americana, Brassica juncea, Astragalus sinicus, Helianthus tuberosus, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 6 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus, Hypochaeris radicata and Paspalum distichum var. indutum.

For the last few decades, especially during summer Korean aquaculture industry has been huge economic loss due to massive blooms caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Moreover, high dispersion speed along the coast and high cell densities (above 10,000 cells ml−1) of C. polykrikoides resuling in red tides for a longer duration (at least for 30 days). C. polykrikoides can be used as a prolific source of extracellular sulfated polysaccharides. Sulfated polysaccharides have showed strong antiviral properties against influenza virus. However, little has been investigated about industrial application of sulfated polysaccharides as a high valuable byproduct from C. polykrikoides. Current commercial microalgal biomass production systems are costly and require advanced instrumental and cultural facilities. From economic point of natural blooms of C. polykrikoides, therefore it is likely to be utilized as a cost-effective way of microalgal biomass production for commercial applications.

This study identified effects of forest density and placed on the fluid flow in the canopy using a computational fluid dynamics model, ENVI_met model. In addition, change of the fluid flow for each point was observed by selecting the impact prediction point. As a result, the density of the forest gave a direct effect on the fluid flow in height below the tree height and inside crown. In case of height below the tree height, the strongest physical changes appeared in CASE1 of dense forest. On the other hand, in case of crown height, distinct fluid flow changes appeared in CASE 2 and 3. After calculating fluid change of the impact prediction point according to altitude, the more dense height below the tree height appear significant changes in the fluid. On the other hand, in case of crown, from the moment outside the interference of the tree, the result showed that the wind path formed distinctly in CASE 2 and 3.