This article explores the different meanings of the number ‘three’ in proverbs. According to the analysis of this article, the number ‘three’ in proverbs, while carrying the basic meaning of quantity, has more expanded meanings in Korean, Chinese and Japanese proverbs, where it may mean ‘many’, ‘all (whole)’, ‘part’, ‘small’, and even more abstracted concepts. In contrast, the number ‘three’ in the English proverbs is largely biased towards negative meanings. At the end of this study, the analysis of the number ‘three’ in proverbs through machine translation shows that machine translation has many limitations on the translation of the many meanings of the number ‘three’.

This study aims to investigate how the differences in expression caused by different ways of how to see and think affect the students learning Japanese at basic levels. The participants were 30 Korean students, learning translation into Japanese at basic levels. In the class, they read Japanese picture books and their Korean version ones and discussed the differences between them. A simple survey was conducted, and a m ini-exam w as g iven. The participants recognized the difference in how to see and how to think between the two languages, such as why particular expressions were used. The results showed an effect on enhancing their learning motivation and it also confirmed that there is an effect enhancing the learning motivation in the students who were interested in reading picture books while sitting in a circular fashion. In addition, the mini-exam results showed an improvement in the students' interest and concentration in class. As can be seen from these results, recognizing the difference between Korean and Japanese expressions in picture books can positively impact on raising students’ interest, motivation, and enthusiasm in beginner level of learners of Japanese.

본고는 1920년대 말-1940년대 중반 초현실주의가 일본 미술계에 소개되어 주요한 미술운동으로 전개되는데 큰 역할을 담당했던 단체와 인물을 중심으로, 일본 초현실주의 미술의 보편성(국제성)과 특수성(민족성)을 문화번역의 관점에서 살펴본다. 일본 초현실주의 미술은 초기에는 기계주의, 주지주의가 반영된 도시적 모더니즘 경향이 강했으나, 점차 “앙드레 브르통 및 그의 동료들과 마찬가지로” 반이성주의와 인간정신의 해방을 강조하게 된다. 1930년대 중반 이후 사회 전체에 대동아공영(大東亞共榮) 사상이 확산된 무렵 일본 초현실주의를 이끈 지도자들은 오리지널과의 차이를 역설하면서 ‘일본 환상성의 전통’을 소환한다. 특정 전통의 재발견은 군국주의와 전체주의가 강화되어가는 전시(戰時) 체제 하에 초현실주의를 보호하기 위한 전략이었을 수 있으나, 결국 전위가 시국(時局)에 동조함으로써 전위성을 상실하게 되는 모순을 낳았다.

This study aims to understand the foreign language learner’s internal process while they are translating. To figure out invisible internal process of the learner, Key logging during translation process, short interview after translating and behavioral observation were used. For considering behavioral characteristics for internal process, Pause, Deletion, Moving and Mistranslation were chosen. In particular, Pause was chosen to work as criterion when analyzing other behaviors. By analyzing those behaviors, three internal processes were found: (1)Deliberatiing on words or phrases following the pauses, (2)Considering ill-matched words or phrases between source text and target text, (3)Continuous checks on what writers had written down. Deliberations were generally found before the long-term pause. Learners were deliberating what to write on next phrases, due to their scarce knowledge of grammatical collocation of the target language. Considering ill-matched words or phrases between source text and target text shows variety of behaviors such as moving, deletion after the long-term pauses. According to the learners’ interview and researcher’s observation, it was arisen when the learners are fail to find the acceptable expressions in target language. Continuous checks on what learners had written down were generally found after the translation was finished. Entire part of target text was examined in this type of process. Thus, long period of pause was required for reading source text and target text, also deletion and moving was required for correcting mistranslated words or phrases. It infers that learners’ behaviors are combined to suggest certain meanings of internal process. Thus, these behaviors do not suggest solid internal process. With more elaborated analysis, this

翻訳という作業は母語とターゲットランギジとのミュチュアル·コンビネーション作用(mutual combination working)によって行われる行為と言える。翻訳には母語からターゲットランギジとその逆方向があり得るが、本稿では前者のことに焦点を当てることにした。本研究では、一般的に翻訳からやさしいと思われている一対一の対応が割りとはっきりする名詞の件について韓国語から日本語への転換において起こる問題と、ふつう一対一の対応が難しいと言われている韓国語の副詞、修飾語としての役割を担当している形容詞の問題主に取り上げることにした。本稿では、韓国文学作品の日本語翻訳に見える表現の多義性(ambiguity)に対し、翻訳専門家グループの翻訳文を通して照明を省てることにより、翻訳に現れる数々の判断に関わる事項を調査分析した。その一つとして、主語の扱いが翻訳者によって文脈を考慮した苦択に強いられることが多々あることである。主語は時には省略された形で現れることもあった。韓日翻訳においてはテンスとアスペクトの問題も対応に注目する必要があった。韓国での「-ㅆ다」は単純過去を表す機能を持っている。しかし、日本語文では「-た」形を用いることがあれば、時制が「現在」に置き換えられることもある。ナイダは、翻訳を「Formal Equivalence」と「Dynamic Equivalence」で分けている。本稿を通して良い翻訳とは何かについても枠を広げてみたい。