This study was conducted to investigate the effect of waterlogging stress on the physiological response and growth characteristics of the five Italian ryegrass varieties. For all varieties, the germination rate of seed decreased by 10-15% as the waterlogging period increased, but the waterlogging stress treatment after the early seedling stage increased the growth of shoot and root length. Photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm) according to waterlogging stress treatment decreased in all vareity, and Florida 80 showed the least decrease with 1.5%. Waterlogging stress treatment was found to reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (malondialdehyde, MDA) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. These results suggest that other mechanisms may be involved in the defense mechanism of Italian ryegrass against waterlogging stress, such as promoting root growth to escape from waterlogging stress, in addition to the antioxidant enzyme system.

This article treats the quotation of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il in Collected Writings of Korean Linguistics [Chosŏnŏhak Jŏnsŏ / Joseoneohak Jeonseo]. The citation of a political leader in a scholarly paper shows the powerful interference of political ideology on academic research. However, it is possible for scholars to judge what quotation they collect. Therefore, the influence of political ideology on the North Korean language academia can be measured by the status that Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il's quotations are used. Political ideological colors are most evident in communism and class-struggle quotations. However, in some quotations, radical phrases are omitted. There are many quotations about nationalism in Chosŏnŏhak Jŏnsŏ. Quite a few of them have some similarities to the discussion in South Korean academic circles. However, sometimes it is possible to conflict with the North academic circles, because a strong nationalism tendency is avoided in the South academic circles. In the quotations about language policy, it was noticeable that the contents were different from each other. The northern scholar usually coped with avoiding or ignoring such conflicts because it is difficult to dare criticize any one quotation. In addition, I have looked at quotations that are close to common sense. The reason why those quotations exist in the scholarship can be seen as the fact that the quotation is just a perfunctory expression. And that nearly half of the quotations are extracted from just four kinds of source articles.