We present optical observations of a nearby Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2018kp on January 24 2018, +1.4 days after the estimated first light time. Its host galaxy, NGC 3367, has been under high-cadence monitoring (≲1 day) with the purpose of providing valuable early light curves of supernovae as a primary target of the Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies (IMSNG; Im et al. 2019). SN 2018kp exhibits the characteristics of a normal SN Ia, with a peak luminosity of MB = −19.0 ± 0.4 mag and Δm15(B) = 1.19 ± 0.03 mag, derived from our long-term light curve analysis. We estimate the host extinction to be high [E(B − V )host = 0.697 ± 0.028 mag], contrasting with its sibling, SN 1986A. We estimate the mass of 56Ni synthesized in the explosion to beMNi = 0.55±0.14M⊙. A single power-law model (tα) describes the rising behavior of the early light curve well, with little evidence of the shock-heated cooling emission. We place upper limits on the radii of the progenitor (Rp ≤ 1.8 R⊙) and the companion star (Rc ≤ 1.9 R⊙ at the optimal or Rc ≤ 19.2 R⊙ at the common viewing angle, respectively) ruling out a large companion such as a red giant. Based on our data, we derive a distance to the host galaxy of 41.38 ± 2.20 Mpc assuming that SN 2018kp follows the Phillips relation.

Injection molding is a process of shaping resin materials by heating them to a temperature above their melting point and then using a mold. The resin material is injected into and cooled within the mold cavity, solidifying into the desired shape. The core and cavity components that make up the mold cavity are crucial elements for the precision molding in injection molding. In the case of precision mold production, the application of 5-axis machining technology is required to ensure high machining quality for complex shapes, and among these factors, the tool angle is a critical machining condition that determines the surface roughness of the workpiece. In this study, we aim to measure the surface roughness of the machined surface of KP4A specimens during machining processes with variations in the tool angle and analyze the correlation between the tool angle and surface roughness.

It has long been known that the magnetospheric particles can precipitate into the atmosphere of the Earth. In this paper we examine such precipitation of energetic electrons using the data obtained from low-altitude polar orbiting satellite observations. We analyze the precipitating electron flux data for many periods selected from a total of 84 storm events identified for 2001-2012. The analysis includes the dependence of precipitation on the Kp index and the electron energy, for which we use three energies E1 > 30 keV, E2 > 100 keV, E3 > 300 keV. We find that the precipitation is best correlated with Kp after a time delay of < 3 hours. Most importantly, the correlation with Kp is notably tighter for lower energy than for higher energy in the sense that the lower energy precipitation flux increases more rapidly with Kp than does the higher energy precipitation flux. Based on this we suggest that the Kp index reflects excitation of a wave that is responsible for scattering of preferably lower energy electrons. The role of waves of other types should become increasingly important for higher energy, for which we suggest to rely on other indicators than Kp if one can identify such an indicator.