The early spring swallowtail, Luehdorfia puziloi (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) is univoltine with adult emergence in early spring and the larvae feed on the genus Asarum (Aristolochiaceae). This study was conducted to investigate temperature effect on adult emergence of overwintering L. puziloi pupae at five different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5 and 30℃) with photoperiod 10:14(L:D) and relative humidity 60% by using 150 pupae, 2013 in Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institution (HECRI). The lower developmental thresholds of female, male, and both sexes combined were 6.131, 8.64, and 8.088℃, respectively. Developmental period of overwintering pupae to adults decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 30℃. Mortality of five different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, and 30℃) was 13.3, 3.3, 16.67, 13.3 and 13.3%. Especially mortality of constant temperature 25℃ was higher than other conditions and survival rate 20℃ was the highest. Thermal constants of female, male and both sexes combined were 207.11, 125.97 and 150.18DD, respectively. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by linear and five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The development variation of overwintering pupae was described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The adult emergence of overwintering L. puziloi pupae in spring can be explained and predicted by using developmental rate models and developmental distribution model.

Luehdorfia puziloi (Erschoff, 1872) is a monophagous butterfly species that occurs only once during spring in a year and distributed nationwide in Korea. From 2012 to 2013 the adult emergence has been monitored to assess how the species responds to temperature rise in the country. Monitoring sites were located in four different provinces, two in the northern part of the country and the others the southern part. In each site a small emergence cage was set up with 60 to 70 pupae and a HOBO data logger to record the soil temperature of the site from February to April. The earliest record from literatures and specimen collection data was 28th of March in Geojae-gun, one of far south parts of the country, during the late 90’s. In 2013, the butterfly started emerging in a southern site, Namhae-gun, from 20th of March, and it was the earliest record so far. The emergence from all of the sites occurred on average 7.75 days faster in 2013 than 2012. The emergence patters during the two years clearly showed that the adult emergence reached to 50% emergence rate faster as the soil temperature rose.