We observed multiple CO transition lines and the HCN(1-0) line at ~ 1" (~ 34 pc) or higher resolution toward the Seyfert 2 nucleus of M51 using the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) and the Submillimeter Array (SMA). All the images show very similar overall molecular gas distribution; there are two discrete clouds at the eastern and western sides of the nucleus, and the western cloud exhibits an elongated distribution and velocity gradient along the radio jet. In addition, high HCN(1-0)/CO(1-0) brightness temperature ratios of about unity have been observed, especially along the radio jet, similar to those observed in shocked molecular gas in our Galaxy. This strongly indicates that the molecular gas along the jet is shocked, that the radio jet and the molecular gas are interacting, and the jet is entraining both diffuse (CO) and dense (HCN) molecular gas outwards from the circumnuclear region. This is the first clear imaging of the out owing molecular gas entrained by the AGN jet, and showing the detailed physical status of out owing molecular gas. Since a relatively high HCN(1-0)/CO(1-0) ratio has been observed in the high velocity wing of ultraluminous infrared galaxies, it can also be explained by a similar mechanism to those we describe here.

Recently, several significant plant virus diseases have devastated various crops in agricultural fields of Korea, These virus disease are mostly transmitted and spread by vector insects, such as rice stripe virus (RSV) transmitted by planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, tomato spotted wilted virus (TSWV) by thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Insects as vectors are significantly important for the control of plant disease as well as insect themselves. Here, on the view of insects, interactive mechanisms of vector insect and plant pathogens were discussed on the system of TYLCV and B. tabaci. When insects acquisited virus they would be beneficial, neutral or detrimental. Generally, plant virus are ingested into the mouse and move from the gut to hemolymph and back to salivary gland. During this movement there would be numerous molecular interactions at a vector-virus specific mode. In addition, virus acquisition change vector's physiological and developmental states including longevity, fecundity and dispersal behavior. However, these interactive mechanisms of vector insects with plant virus are largely under investigated. B. tabaci is genetically diverse and transmit many begomoviruses including TYLCV. I demonstrated effects of TYLCV acquisition on fecundity, thermal response, endosymbiont profile and gene expression of B. tabaci.

The Tycho supernova remnant (SNR), as one of the few historical SNRs, has been widely studied in various wavebands and previous observations have shown evidence that Tycho is interacting with a dense ambient medium toward the northeast direction, In this paper, we report our high-resolution (16") 12CO observation of the remnant using the Nobeyama 45m radio telescope. The Nobeyama data shows that a large molecular cloud surrounds the SNR along the northeastern boundary. We suggest that the Tycho SNR and the molecular cloud are both located in the Perseus arm and that the dense medium interacting with the SNR is possibly the molecular cloud. We also discuss the possible connection between the molecular cloud and the Balmer-dominated optical filaments, and suggest that the preshock gas may be accelerated within the cosmic ray and/or fast neutral precursor.

Water and oxygen are two of the most essential molecules for many species on earth. Their unique properties have been studied in many areas of science. In this study, the interaction of water and oxygen molecules was observed at the nano-scale. Using molecular dynamics, a water droplet with 30,968 water molecules was simulated. Then, 501 oxygen molecules were introduced into the domain. A few oxygen molecules were attracted to the surface of the water droplet due to van der Waals forces, and some oxygen molecules actually entered the water droplet. These interactions were visualized and quantified at four temperatures ranging from 280 to 370 K. It was found that at high temperatures, there was a higher possibility of the oxygen molecules penetrating the water droplet than that at lower temperatures. However, at lower temperatures, oxygen molecules were more likely to be found interacting at the surface of the water droplet than at high temperatures.