In Korea, agricultural environment has been rapidly changed by several factors and the directions of agricultural policy of government have not been maintained by the sudden changes in recent years. The paradigm of agriculture policy is shifted from the maintenance and conservation of agricultural production to the increase of economic, social and ecological value based on agricultural profitability. The agricultural policy and production system are changed by following main social concerns; first the concern of the exhaustion of natural resources, second the quality of life is decreased by the physical and biological change of climate disturbance, third the deterioration of living environment by human activity and finally, the attention of food security by the unbalance and decrease of food production. Furthermore, in spite of low food (23%) and energy (29%) self-sufficiency, it would seem that the importance of the expansion and improvement of food production is not considered by agricultural policy makers. The foundation of agricultural production is collapsed and weakened because the policy makers decide to relegate the importance of food production to lower priority. Our present life style will be changed by the exhaustion of carbon energy. As a result, the production system of agricultural products will be improved and the price of the products will be increased. It is discussed how our agricultural environment will be changed with the surroundings, what factors, specially climate changes, will be considered to research pest management, and how the strategy of green pest management based on sustainable agriculture will be possible.

Although many synthetic pesticides have played important roles in pest management in agriculture, forest, housings, gardens, and managed landscapes for several decades, increased concerns to human health and environmental contamination have limited their usages and application in integrated pest management (IPM). Many plant essential oils have a variety of biological activities including adulticidal, acaricidal, larvicidal, ovicidal, repellent, antifeedant, and oviposition deterrent ones against insect pests. These oils and major terpenoid constituents show neurotoxic effects by interference with the cockroach octopamine and nematode SER-2 tyramine receptors. Most plant volatile oils contain plentiful phenylpropanoids, mono and sequiterpenes, and related phenols. They have been widely used in the flavor, fragrance, aroma therapy, food additives, and cosmetic industries. Some volatile plant essential oils have traditionally been used as stored product protectors and mosquito repellents, while their successful cases in commerce have been recently applied. Especially, these essential oils have not only been treated against house and garden pests, but these oils also have higher potential to be employed as “green pesticides” in the field of stored products, green house, and medical insect pests due to their fumigant action. Eventually, considering resistance development to many synthetic pesticides, it is likely that plant volatile or essential oil-based pesticides would play an essential role as an alternatives since they typically consist of the complex mixtures of constituents responsible for slow resistant development. In addition, the mixtures of these oils with conventional insecticides and the application of their capability to to enhance the efficacy of conventional products remains a main market niche. In this presentation, several cases of test evidences under laboratory and field conditions will be discussed. Ultimately, plant volatile-based pesticides and repellents would play an important role in future IPM programs due to their relative safety to non-target organisms and the environment.

Recently, several significant plant virus diseases have devastated various crops in agricultural fields of Korea, These virus disease are mostly transmitted and spread by vector insects, such as rice stripe virus (RSV) transmitted by planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, tomato spotted wilted virus (TSWV) by thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Insects as vectors are significantly important for the control of plant disease as well as insect themselves. Here, on the view of insects, interactive mechanisms of vector insect and plant pathogens were discussed on the system of TYLCV and B. tabaci. When insects acquisited virus they would be beneficial, neutral or detrimental. Generally, plant virus are ingested into the mouse and move from the gut to hemolymph and back to salivary gland. During this movement there would be numerous molecular interactions at a vector-virus specific mode. In addition, virus acquisition change vector's physiological and developmental states including longevity, fecundity and dispersal behavior. However, these interactive mechanisms of vector insects with plant virus are largely under investigated. B. tabaci is genetically diverse and transmit many begomoviruses including TYLCV. I demonstrated effects of TYLCV acquisition on fecundity, thermal response, endosymbiont profile and gene expression of B. tabaci.

Dynamics of prey/host and predator/parasitoid interaction has been the main concern of the population ecology during the second half of the 20th century. Many theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted and discussed. The main questions were whether the interaction could be in stable state and whether the parasitoid/predator could regulate the host/prey populations, and if so at what levels. The questions are not yet solved, but some hypotheses have been presented that the prey/predator interaction could be in stable state, when both the predator and prey population are under intraspecific competition so that both populations could be limited at a low levels. This prerequisite, however, could not be easily satisfied in nature and several hypotheses have been discussed up to date. Biological control of pests, which is based on the predator-prey system dynamics, has not always been successful, because we do not understand the systems sufficiently. Thus, most successful cases of the biological control were dependent upon ‘trial and error’. But as the predator-prey system dynamics could be well understood in the future, more systemic control program of biological control could be possible. In this review, we analyzed the studies for biological control of pests in Korea based on 164 cases reported in the last forty years and will consider the future goal of the studies for more reliable control programs.

Mass mortality of oak trees has been reported at Sungnam city, Gyeonggi province, Korea in 2004, and spread to several areas of Korean peninsula. It seemed to be occurred by a possible pathogenic fungus Raffaelea sp. spread by an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). P. koryoensis massively attacked healthy or stressed living Quercus mongolica. The numbers of damaged or died Q. mongolica by oak wilt disease has increased annually since its first report. Here, we introduce control methods recently developed for the control of this disease.

There is a critical need for research and developmentin the area of correlation between the climatic change and vector-born diseases in terms of global point of view. The statistics (1907~2000) for about a century showed the average temperature in Korea was increased to 1.5℃, twice higher than that of global average (0.74℃). The average precipitation for the past decade also showed 10% increase per year up to 1,485.7mm. The A1B scenario of NIMR reported the future estimate of average temperature at the end of this century (21 C) would be increased to 4.0℃ compared with that of years (1971~2000). There appeared close correlation between the breeding disease vector populations and climatic change, even though the occurrence pattern of diseases transmitted by insect vectors and/or reservoir animals in Korea had been rather included in category of the developed countries till 20th century. However, the disease outbreaks for the past 10 years showed significant increase in the vector-born diseases such as Tsutsugamushi disease, Leptospirosis and Epidemic Hemorrhagic fever. There appeared many different factors involved in causing foregoing disease increase, however, the warmer temperature change might have accelerated the more favorable breeding habitats for the disease vectors and medically important insects. The insect-born disease transmission inclusive of medically important insects and rodents involves wide range of different and/or compounded factors or situations such as human population and housing habitats, sanitary standards, vector control schedules, etc. in different areas and districts. Duane, et al.(2001) reported and well illustrated the correlations among climatic change and humans host, insect vectors, reservoir animals, disease agents. The importance of local outbreaks of insect vector population increase was mainly caused by temperature and precipitation (humidity) increase (Mellor and Leake, 2000) by the increase of fecundity and frequency of biting activities. Martens (2008) also indicated that climatic change affected the increases of survival rate, density, fecundity duration and the resistance to microbial pesticides more favorably against disease agents such as bacteria and fungi, etc. The influences or effects of climatic change against human pest control activities, susceptibility, immunity to insect vector-born diseases will be elaborated.

Fruit fly is one of the most important pests for vegetables and crops worldwide. Since 1895, four species of fruit flies has invaded into Hawaii. In 2000, a group of scientists from Hawaii has initiated and implemented an area wide pest management program to suppress fruit fly population in Hawaii. Six techniques developed within the program has been transferred to many countries that have the fruit fly problem. Four techniques (monitoring, sanitation, bait spray, and male annihilation) are readily done by farmers. The other two techniques (sterile insect release and augmentative parasitoid release) involve mass fruit fly stock. Sterile insect technique (SIT) used in sterile insect release requires continuous mass rearing. Current mass rearing system has been satisfactory for rearing need. However, there are problems such as pesticide contamination of supporting material, spent diet management, labor intensive, and space issue. USDA-Agricultural Research Service looked for alternatives. In 2004, a novel fruit fly liquid diet has been developed. The core of this diet is using an inert substance (sponge cloth) to replace biological supporting material for mill feed (wheat product). During this diet development process, we have observed that fruit fly performance changes associate with the change of diet components. One of the most significant components is wheat germ oil. Larval diet supplemented with wheat germ oil (WGO) causes physiological reactions, such as increased fecundity and fertility, in some insects. Although the impact of WGO on insect physiology is important, the mechanisms of these actions are poorly understood. In this presentation, we will confirm our hypothesis that the addition of WGO to medium developed for larval oriental fruit flies modulates gene expression in the corresponding adults and further to identify when and how these gene expressed during different life cycle stages. We separately reared larvae of Bactrocera dorsalis on diets lacking or supplemented with WGO, and analyzed for expressed proteins in the resulting adult males and females by 2D-electrophoresis. Analysis of the gels revealed significant changes in expression levels of >70 proteins, 64 of which were identified by mass spectrometric analysis on MALDI-TOF/TOF. Apparent changes in expression levels for 6 of these proteins were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, showing that the changes in mRNA expression were reflected in changes in protein expression. These findings support the hypothesis that one mechanism of WGO actions in insect nutrition is the modulation of gene expression. Our goal is to identify molecular markers that serve as early indicators of the quality of insect culture media. Markers of deficient culture media will increase the efficiency of developing optimal systems for mass rearing beneficial insects and some pest species because decisions on culture media quality can be made without waiting through one or several life cycles.

It is well known that the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., incite and aggravate the diseases caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens. The synergistic effects of the inoculation of Meloidogyne incognita combined with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici showed the greatly increased wilt symptoms developed on tomato plants compared to the inoculation of either of the two pests alone. For the biological control of the complex disease, a variety of bacterial isolates were tested for antagonistic effects to select ones that had both nematicidal and antifungal activities. Among forty plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) tested, Paenibacillus polymyxa G508 and G462 and P. lentimorbus G158 showed strong antifungal and nematicidal activities against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, respectively, and also inhibited egg hatch of the nematode. The addition of Paenibacillus strains into potted soil suppressed the Fusarium-wilt severity and root galling on tomato and increased plant growths. P. lentimorbus G158 were abundantly proliferated on tomato seeds and hypocotyls more than P. polymyxa G 462 and had no phytotoxic effect on tomato plant. Under the greenhouse conditions, seed treatment of P. lentimorbus G158 reduced wilt severity caused by Fusarium wilt-root knot disease complex and root gall formation and increased tomato growth compared to the untreated control. Root-galls caused by both pathogens treated with bacterial culture had fewer and smaller giant-cells than untreated control, and scanning electron microscopy revealed alteration and distortion of hyphal cell wall of F. oxysporum and lysis of M. incognita egg shell by the bacterial treatment. All of these results suggest the Paenibacillus strains, especially G158 may have a high potential developed as biological control agents for the complex disease.

The family Arctiidae is a large and diverse family of moths with around 11,000 species (Watson ＆ Goodger, 1986) in three subfamilies found all over the world, including 6,000 neotropical species (Scoble. MJ, 1995). The family is characterized in the following characters (Kitching ＆ Rawlins, 1999): hindwing with Sc+R and S fused for about 1/3 length of discal cell, occasionally completely fused, or only fused for 1/4 length of cell; almost always with either fore coxa, patagium, or abdomen orange or red and contrasting with color of dorsal thorax; metathorax with tymbal organs appearing as a striated band on katepisternum. Taxonomic study of the Arctiidae in Cambodia has been done by a few foreign entomologists. In the present study, we were collected three times from Cambodia in three protected forests are Seima, Central Cardamom, and North Cardamom (Pursat). Each times, we were collected from 3 to 5 sites in each forests. As the results of this study, about 70 species of 32 genera belonging to Arctiidae were recorded from Cambodia. The materials examined based on the collection of University of Incheon, which has collected from 2009-2010 in Cambodia by Cambodian and Korean researcher.

The tribe Eucosmini is the second largest tribe of Olethreutinae with more than 1,000 species in over 125 genera, distributed mostly in the Holarctic region, and over half of the known species occur in the Nearctic region (Horak and Brown, 1991b). Enarmonia Hübner, Ancylis Hübner, and its allied genera are tentatively retained in Eucosmini, although they have been treated as the subtribe Enarmoniina (Razowski, 1989) belong to Eucosmini maybe distinguished from other tribes by a combination of the following characters proposed by Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov (1984): 1) one-branched protuberance of the valve; 2) gnathos and uncus very weakened or reduced. In Vietnam, in the period 1977-1978 and 1997-1998, National Institute of Plant Protection (NIPP) recorded only seven Tortricidae species. But none of them are Eucosmini. Recently, Kuznetzov (2001) recorded four species in the South Vietnam: Eucosmogastra aeolantha (Meyrick, 1914), Noduliferola pleurogramma (Clarke, 1976), N. atriplaga (Clarke, 1976), N. phaeostropha (Clarke, 1976). Razowski recorded 14 species of 10 genera of Eucosmini (2009). In this study, we are briefly reviewed of tribe Eucosmini in North Vietnam. As the result of this study, totally 19 Eucosmini species of 13 genera are recognized. Of them, 17 species are reported for the first time from Vietnam such as: Coenobiodes acceptana Kuznetzov, 1973; Epiblema foenella (Linnaeus, 1785); Eucosma calligrapha Meyrick, 1912, etc. The materials identification based on the collection of University of Incheon, which has collected from 2004-2009 in the North Vietnam by Vietnamese and Korean entomologist.

The Northeast of China, which covers an area of 124'1400 km2, comprises HeiLongjiang, JiLin, LiaoNing province, and northeast of inner Mongolian. The annual mean temperature is 5 centigrade below zero in the north, and 10 centigrade above zero in the south. The annual precipitation range from 300 mm to 1200 mm. Moreover, northeast China is an important forest area in China, and hundreds of forest disease and pests occurred every year. Among these pests, the Lepidoptera account for a big part, accordingly, the research on diversity of Lepidoptera is the basis of taxonomy and pests control. According to 「List of Chinese Insects」(Hua, 2005), there are about 20,692 species in China, and 2,934 in Northeast China, for instance, Noctuidae 1,400 spp. (Hua, 2005), Notodontidae 128 spp. (Hua, 2005), Tortricidae 267 spp. (Hua, 2005), Pyralidae 146 spp. (Hua, 2005), Geometridae 233 spp. (Zheng, 1999), Hesperiidae 54 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Parnassiidae 32 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Papilionidae 26 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Pieridae 59 spp. (Wang, 1998), Nymphalidae 188 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Lycaenidae 150 spp., etc. (Wang, 2002).

The Phylinae plant bugs dealt with 9 species in 3 genera in tribe phylini. A new genus Badephylus gen. nov. with a species B. sobaeksana sp. nov. is proposed here. Four species: Campylomma chinense Schuh, 1984; C. miyamotoi Yasunaga, 2001; Europiella artemisiae (Becker, 1864) and E. kiritshenkoi Kulik, 1975 are recognized for the first time in Korea. Keys are provided to distinguish Korean Capylomma and Europiella. Photos of Dorsal habitus, male genital structures for each species are provided with their host informations.

Several species of the genus Aphidius are used in biological control programs against aphid pests throughout the world and their behavior and physiology are well studied. But despite knowing the importance of sensory organs in their behavior, their antennal structure is largely unknown. In this study, the external morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla on the antennal of both female and male adults of A. colemani were described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Generally, the filaform antennae of males (1,515.20±116.48 ㎛) are longer than females (1,275.06±116.42㎛). Antennae of this species is made up of scape, pedicel and flagellomeres. Male and female antennae differed in the total number of flagellomeres as 15 in males and 13 in females. Female and male antennae of A. colemani has samely seven types of sensilla. We classified sensilla placodea, Bohm bristles, 2 types of sensilla coeloconica, , 2 types of sensilla basiconica as with a tip pore and with wall pores, sensilla trichodea. In addition, the possible functions of the above sensilla types are discussed in light of previously published literature; mechanoreception(Bohm bristles, sensilla coeloconicaⅡ and sensilla trichodea) and chemoreception(sensilla coeloconicaⅠ, sensilla basiconicaⅠ,Ⅱ and sensilla placodea). Future studies on the functional morphology of the antennal sensilla of A. colemani using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electrophysiological recordings will likely confirm the functions of the different sensilla identified in this study.

The genus Eutetrapha belong to the subfamily Lamiinae of the family Cerambycidae was established in 1884 by Bates, based on a new species, Eutetrapha variicornis Bates, 1884 (= Saperda sedecimpunctata Motschulsky, 1860). Until now, the genus has been known only from Asia, and two species, Eutetrapha metallescens (Motschulsky) and Eutetrapha sedecimpunctata (Motschulsky) are presented in Korea. In this study, we report one species of the genus, Eutetrapha ocelota (Bates), for the first time from Korea with key to the Korean Eutetrapha species, short descriptions, and photographs.

The family Thyatiridae is one of the most compact large Macroheterocera families, comprising about 2 subfamilies, 45 genera, and 300 described species in the world (László et al. 2007). Thyatiridae has been treated as a member of the Geometroidea - Drepanoidea - Uranoidea phyletic trunk but its rank and position within this monophylum is variable in the different works. Recently, László et al. (2007) strongly suggested that it is not reasonable to relegate the Drepanidae, Thyatiridae, and Cyclidiidae as a subfamily of Drepanidae, and supported to retain the family ranks for them. Thus, we follow the system treating them as family ranks. In this study, we provided about the revised genus, species, subspecies name and synonyms of the Thyatiridae with the addition of the information mentioned.

Systematic studies within the family Pterophoridae have been determined by external morpholgical characteristics (Yano 1963, Spuler 1910, Meyrick 1910). However, it is sometimes to be the result of species misplacement by the variation, depending on geographic isolation and genetic drift (Moran, 1986; Shufran et al., 2000; Anstead et al., 2002; Margaritopoulos et al., 2006). The genus Platyptilia Hübner [1925] is one of the largest genera of the family comprising more than 100 species according to the World’s Catalog by Gielis (2003) mainly distributed from Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Within the genus, Platyptilia ignifera has been suspected as very differentiated from other congeneric species in the morphological characters. In this study, to ascertain a placement of the species, we performed molecular analysis with one mitochondrial gene, COI and one nuclear gene, 28S, and morphometric analysis based on six ratios characters using principal components analysis (PCA). The sequences of the two genes, COI, 28S, implied that Platyptilia ignifera separated from Platyptilia spp. In addition, P. ignifera exhibited morphological characteristics distinct from other congeneric species. Based on these results, we propose that Neoplatyptilia gen. nov., for Platyptilia ignifera.

The genus Periphyllus has been revised as seven species in the Korean Peninsula. Recently, Periphyllus hokkaidensis Sorin 1990 is newly discovered on the young shoot of Acer mono subsp. okamotoanum in Ulleung Island. This is the first record found P. hokkaidensis in other areas except Hokkaido, its origin region. As the result of this study, we announce totally eight species in this genus and present description and illustration of P. hokkaidensis with apterous viviparous females.

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are well known as micro-insect pests, which are very specific to their host plants, sucking phloem for acquiring nutrients, and most of them have successfully maintained parthenogenetic generations cyclically or permanently. In the world, the approximately 5,000 described aphid species belong to the family Aphididae, which has taxonomically been subdivided into 27 subfamilies in current. In recent, we have revised the checklist of the Korean aphids based on 43 references which include the catalogues, checklists, faunistic researches, and taxonomic reports treating the aphids in the Korean Peninsula. As results, we confirmed that a total of 427 valid species (species names) in 142 genera in 16 subfamilies had been historically recognized in the Korean Peninsula after checking classifications and invalid names (misidentifications, synonyms, and etc.). Among them, 36 species need Korean name which mostly were recorded after 2000. We also present and correct the wrong applications of some invalid names still used in official internet databases and documents due to citation of 'Checklist of Insects from Korea (Anonymous, 1994)'.