The Entomological Society of China (ESC) is the largest non-government organization in the world serving the professional and scientific needs of entomologists and people in related disciplines. 1. Founded in 1944, the ESC has more than 13800 members affiliated educational or research institutions, health agencies, private industry, and the Chinese government. Members are researchers, teachers, extension service personnel, administrators, marketing representatives, research technicians, consultants, students, and hobbyists. 2. The ESC is a not-for-profit professional society governed by a board comprised of members. ESC is affiliated with the China Association for Science and Technology and its headquarter is attached to the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. 3. The ESC holds together members and organizes various academic activities in promoting the development of science and technology in the fields of entomology. The society endeavors to popularize scientific knowledge and plays an advisory role in solving important problems related to insects and in entomological theories. The purpose of the society is to promote entomology for the advancement of science and the benefit of society through: scientific and professional communications, outreach on science and public policy, program development, continuing education, and fostering interest in entomology. 4. ESC is vivid in international affairs and has wide relationship with many foreign societies and institutions. Now ESC has established bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the Convention of Biological Diversity, the International Society of Entomology, the Asia-Pacific Entomological Association, and etc. 5. The Supervisory Council (Governing Board) makes important decisions and carries out essential functions of the society. Its members, volunteering their time and energy, are elected by the members for every five years. 6. Activities of the ESC can be roughly grouped into following categories: meeting, programming, consulting and popularizing on entomology. The premier event of the Society is its Annual Meeting. 7. The society have 6 working committees (Science Popularization, Technical Consulting, International affairs, Organizing, Youth, Financial), and 12 special academic committees (Insect Faunistics and Systematics, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Ecology, Insecticide and Toxicology, Agricultural Entomology, Forest Entomology, Medical Entomology, Biological Control, Insect Resources, Urban Entomology, Acarology, and Butterflies). 8. The ESC offers journals that provide unsurpassed coverage of the broad science of entomology. The society publishes scientific journals, such as Acta Entomologica Sinica, Insects Science, Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology (former Entomological Knowledge), Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, and Acta Parasitologica et Medica. 9. The ESC is seeking for new routines to meet the needs of developments of sciences, communities, and economy.

Taiwan is an island located in the south-east of China (20°30"N, 121°00"E), and the Tropic of Cancer runs through the middle of the island. Total area of Taiwan is about 36,000 sq. km with 394 km long and 144 km wide at its broadest point. The mountain ranges occupy almost half of the island, more than 200 peaks elevate over 3000 m, and the tallest peak is Yu-Shan (Jade Mountain) with 3952 m. In general, Taiwan has a marine climate and varies widely by season in the Northern part and the mountain areas however, in the South, it belongs to the tropical belt and is warm and humid all year. These diverse climate patterns create the extreme diversity of insects in Taiwan, of course including all kinds of insect pests. Here, I try to make a brief introduction to how we study and control in insect pests in Taiwan. Entomological research related government organizations Mainly, two government departments, i.e., the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), are in charge of insect pest-relatedstudy and control in Taiwan. Both are the major providers of research funding to support study on all aspects of applied entomology; however, the former is responsible for control of animal and plant diseases and pests and plant health inspection and quarantine (agriculture entomology); however, the latter is responsible for prevention, control, survey and research of various communicable diseases that are mostly related with the public health (medical entomology).Besides, the National Science Council (NSC) provides funding mainly for basic research. Entomology study in Universities and Research institutes There are only two “Department of Entomology” in Taiwan, one is at the National Taiwan University, and the other is at the National Chung University. In addition, there are two plant protection related departments as well, i.e., “Department of Plant Medical Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology” in Pingtung County and “Department of Biological Resources, National Chiayi University” in Chiayi County. Besides teaching, all aspects of entomology-related research projects are held as well. Additionally, there are many entomologists scattered in different university, especially in medical schools for medical entomological research. Under the Council of Agriculture (COA), there are several agriculture research institutes are responsible for agriculture research including insect pest control (applied entomology), such as (1) Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) and its experimental branches: the key agricultural research institute in Taiwan, (2) Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substance Research Institute (TACTRI): the institute is responsible for developing pesticides and plant protection technologies, monitoring pesticide residues and toxic substances in agricultural products, providing technical services, and establishing evaluation methods and guidelines to control pesticides, and (3) seven “District Agricultural Research and Extension Stations” located in Taoyuan, Miaoli, Taichung, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Hualien and Taitung Districts, respectively. These Stations are responsible for the research and extension works which are according to the regional difference, as well as (4) Endemic Species Research Institute and (5) Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Current status and future of applied entomology in Taiwan All aspects of the entomological research are going in Taiwan, and there is no way to clearly introduce all of them; therefore, only main directions are highlighted as the following: (1) In agriculture a. Key targeted species- oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)), melon fly (B. cucurbitae Coquillett), common cutworm (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)), and……..etc. b. Control methods i. Chemical control- it still is the key method currently. ii. Nonchemical control- attractants (pheromones), natural enemy, microbial control,……..etc. c. Insect vectors on transmission of plant diseases. d. New technique- use of wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to monitor the insect population. (2) In public health- medical insects a. Key targeted species- Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and…..etc. b. Important issues i. Insect-borne diseases- e.g. Dengue fever ii. Zoonotic diseases- e.g. Japanese encephalitis iii. Nuisance insects- e.g. biting midge (Forcipomyia taiwana) c. Control methods: similar to (1) b. (3) Prevention, invasion and control of exotic insect pests a. Plant quarantine inspection- application of molecular biotechnology, such as PCR and microarray, to detection and identification insect species. b. Invasion and control of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, and the erythrina gall wasp, Quadrastichus erythrinae. (4) Insect biodiversity and conservation a. Conservation species of insects in Taiwan b. Firefly restoration (5) Application of biotechnology on insects a. Use of insect as bioreactors to produce useful proteins. b. Use of transgenic insect to control insect pests.

The superfamily Tephritoidea is a large group of acalyptrate flies including over 7,300 described species arranged in nine families. All the tephritoid families excluding Richardiidae are represented in Korea, but their taxonomy has not been well studied. For example, a total of 80 species of the family Tephritidae are currently known in Korea, but our personal data shows that there actually are at least 150 species. Presence of highly variable or cryptic species has been hampering taxonomic progress involving this group of flies. Some genera such as Trypeta, Campiglossa, Oxyna, and Tephritis are good examples of taxonomically difficult taxa. We find that DNA barcoding is extremely helpful to clarify such taxonomic problems. We are currently trying to bacode multiple samples for every single Korean tephritoid species. A total of 271 specimens representing 185 species have been barcoded so far. Neighbor-Joining analysis of our preliminary data shows many interesting findings that are potentially useful to resolve long standing taxonomic problems. The followings are some of our findings through the DNA barcoding analyses: 1) multiple samples for each included species were almost always clustered together showing utility for specific identification; 2) multiple species per each genus were mostly clustered together; 3) clarification of male and female association of two closely resembling new Acidiella species; 4) strongly support synonymy of Sinacidia and Chetostoma; 5) possible existence of two cryptic species within Campiglossa defasciata; 6) possible synonymy of Dioxyna and Campiglossa; 7) possible synonymy of Herina zojae and H. hennigi; and 8) discrimination of two closely resembling Chaetostomella species.

Insects are the most extant organisms on the earth, because of their excellent survival ability against various environments. With development of biotechnology, insects are high potentially regarded as so useful bio-resources with other biodiversity. We overview the status of biomaterials from insects with several cases as follows; 1) Mass production of industrial insects … silkworm, honeybee, and some insects as pollinator and natural enemy etc. These insects have been used for mainly agricultural industry. 2) Ornamental insects … butterfly park, insectariums, education, life-cares, eco-tour and for festival etc. 3) Bioactive substances from insects …potential sources of novel pharmaceuticals and functional foods. Many kinds of insects are screening including traditional medicinal insects by pharmaceutical companies. Some antimicrobial peptides are also developing by self defense mechanism of insects. 4) Highly active enzymes from insect microbes …based on the behavior and habitat of insect diversity. Several industrial enzymes were developed by the microbes isolated from insects, such as the protease ‘Arazyme’, xylanase etc. This is one of the hottest emerging fields in bio-industry including food, animal feed, cosmetics, bio-fuel etc. 5) Biomimetics … structure of housing, biosensor for drug and explosive, flying mechanism, spinning of super fiber, bio-adhesives, holography, lac and wax from insects etc. Recently, insect will be utilized for more wide and regardful fields with Convention of Biodiversity(CBD) and Access and Benefit Sharing(ABS) of Genetic Resources(Nagoya Protocol). The promotion law and institution are also activating for insect industry in Korea.

Numerous insects live in forests as a component of forest ecosystem. Forest insect pests are defined certain insects when they adversely affect ecological, economic, and social values that we associate with forest. Kinds of forest insect pests are continually changed as a result of change of forest ecosystem and the introduction of foreign alien insect pests. Forest pest management is the maintenance of destructive insects at tolerable levels by the planned use of a variety of preventive, suppressive, or regulatory tactics and strategies that are ecologically and economically efficient and socially acceptable. However, the system of forest pest management is slighly different according to the nation and case of insect pests. Currently, the most important insect pests of Korea are Monochamus beetles and Platypus koroensis, which are insect vectors of pine wilt disease and oak wilt disease, respectively. Major forest insect pests are Thecodiplosis japonensis, a gall maker of pine needle and sapsucking insects such as black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae, Corythucha ciliata, Lycorma delicatula. Defoliating insects, such as Dendrolimus spectabilis, Hyphantria cunea, Agelastica coerulea, Acantholyda parki, and phloem boring insects, such as Tomicus piniperda and Ips bark beetles are also regarded as major forest insect pests. Management of forest insect pests are different from kinds of insect species. Control methods currently used are as follows; (a) Chemical control : ground and aerial spray of low-toxicity insecticide, trunk injection of systemic insecticide, fumigation, etc. (b) Biological control : release of parasitic wasps, use of Beauveria bassiana. etc. (c) Physical or mechamical control : burn, crush, etc. (d) Silvicultural practice : salvage cutting, clear cutting and reforestation, breeding of resistant trees, etc.

A polydnavirus, Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), is a symbiotic provirus to an endoparasitoid wasp, C. plutellae. When the wasp parasitizes its natural host, Plutella xylostella, larvae, CpBV viral particles are translocated to hemocoel of P. xylostella along with the wasp eggs. CpBV-ELP1 is encoded in a viral segment and expressed in the parasitized larvae during entire parasitization period. A recombinant baculovirus expressing CpBV-ELP1 was constructed and applied to a non-natural host, Spodoptera exigua, larvae. When the recombinant baculovirus was injected to hemocoel, CpBV-ELP1 was expressed in hemocytes as early as 2h postinjection and then later expressed in other tissues. When it was applied to diet, CpBV-ELP1 was expressed in midgut epithelium at 12 h and subsequently expressed in internal tissues. Both application methods of the recombinant baculovirus caused significantly higher mortality of S. exiguathan non-recombinant baculovirus. Interestingly, midgut epithelial cells expressing CpBV-ELP1 by infection of the recombinant baculovirus showed poor cell-cell interactions. Integrin, a cell surface molecule associated with cell-cell interaction, was cloned in S. exigua and was confirmed in its expression in the midgut epithelium. A hypothesis was raised that CpBV-ELP1 interrupts integrin function by direct binding or by blocking internal integrin signaling.

Insect blood cells (hemocytes) play a key role in defense against parasites and other pathogenic organisms that infect insects. Cellular immune responses exhibited by hemocytes are acute and effective to initially suppress pathogenic processes. Subsequently humoral immune responses executed by antimicrobial peptides completely cleared the pathogens with help of hemocytes. Two immune mediators, plasmatocyte-spreading peptide (PSP) and eicosanoid, are known to mediate cellular immune responses by activating hemocyte behavior. This study was focused on how these two immune mediators work together to express hemocyte spreading behavior. Both PSP and prostaglandins stimulate hemocyte spreading in dose-dependent manners in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Interstingly, inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibited PSP activity on mediating the hemocyte-spreading behavior. However, the addition of eicosanoid biosynthesis precursor, arachidonic acid, rescued the hemocytespreading activity. Inhibition of PSP or its receptor by each RNA interference are now under investigation to test whether PSP triggers eicosanoid signaling. These results suggest that there is a cross-talk between PSP and eicosanoid to express hemocyte-spreading behavior in response to bacterial challenge