Immunity is largely divided into innate immunity and adaptive immunity. We conducted a study using HongJam extract to confirm its innate immunity-enhancing effect. Our data using Natural Killer (NK) cells, which play an important role in innate immunity, confirmed that HongJam extract promotes the proliferation of NK cells and also enhances the function of NK cells to attack and destroy cancer cells. (Grant No. PJ017024022023)

Natural killer (NK) cells have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells and viral pathogens. NK cell-derived exosomes (NK-exosomes) also express typical NK cell markers and cytotoxic molecules, therefore, exert anti-tumor and immune homeostatic activities. In this study, canine NK-exosomes separated from cytotoxic NK cell supernatant carried specific markers such as CD81, Alix, and Perforin 1. We examined the anti-tumor effects of NK-exosomes in an experimental murine model using the canine mammary carcinoma cells, REM134. REM134 cells were xenografted of mammary fat pad of mice. CD133, Bmi-1, MMP-3, IL-6, TNF-α, and PCNA are useful as a molecular marker for tumorigenesis and metastasis. The treatment of canine NK-exosomes inhibited tumor growth and significantly (p<0.01) downregulated the expression of Bmi-1, MMP-3, IL-6, TNF-α, and PCNA in REM134-treated mice. Also, the expression of CD133, potent cancer stem cell marker, was significantly downregulated in the canine NK-exosomes-treated mice compared with that of the tumor group. Collectively, these results suggested that canine NK-exosomes has a potential capacity for regulation of cancer progression and metastasis against canine mammary carcinoma.

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that aid in the protection of the host from infectious diseases and cancer. Regulation of cytotoxicity in NK cells is mediated by inhibitory receptors that bind major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on target cells. Human myelogenous leukemia K562 cells are readily attacked by NK cells, because K562 cells expressed very low levels of MHC-I molecules for inhibitory NK cell receptors. In this study, we compared the ability of γ-irradiated- or mitomycin C (MMC)-treated K562 feeder cells to support expansion and activation of canine NK cells. We isolated CD5 negative cells from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by immunomagnetic separation and co-cultured with γ-irradiated (100 Gy)- or MMC (20 μg/mL)-treated K562 cells in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15 and IL-21 for 21 days. As a result, number of CD5 negative cells, co-cultured with γ-irradiated- or MMC-treated K562 cells (56.72 ± 13.77 fold or 32.99 ± 10.83 fold), was increased than those of CD5 negetive cells (2.99 ± 1.42 fold). Also, we found that gene expression markers of activated NK cells such as NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, Ly49, NKG2D, CD244, perforin, and granzyme B and production of interferon gamma were similarly upregulated in NK cells co-cultured with γ-irradiated- or MMC-treated K562 cells, respectively. Next, we observed that cytotoxicity of NK cells co-cultured with γ-irradiated K562 cells was more sensitively reacted to canine mammary carcinoma cells than those of MMC-treated K562 cells. These results revealed that γ-irradiated K562 cells are more efficient feeder cells than MMC-treated K562 cells for enhancing NK cells expansion and activation.

Human natural killer (NK) cells are major players in innate immune response. The functions of these cells as a scavenger of cancer cells are enhanced by cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), which play an important role in immune response in both tumors and virally infected cells. Liver cancer has a high incidence rate and is a major cause of death in Korea. We provide evidence that human NK cells inhibit tumor growth of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SNU-354. NK cells were cultured with human IL-2 for 14 days, yielding an enriched NK cell population containing 35% CD8+ cells, 6% CD4+ cells, and 51% CD16+ /CD56+ cells. Intravenous injection of NK cells at doses from 2.5 to 10 million cells/mouse was administered once per week in a nude mouse model that retains human liver tumor induced by implantation of SNU-354 cells. The results showed that human NK cells were recruited within tumor tissue and inhibited SNU-354 tumor growth by 32%, 58%, and 65%. The current data suggest the potential for use of NK cell-based immunotherapy for treatment of human liver cancer.

Several human leukocyte subsets including natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) participate in cellular immune responses directed against vascularized pig-to-human xenografts. As these leukocytes express the death receptor Fas either constitutively (PMN) or upon activation (NK, CTL), we explored in vitro whether the transgenic expression of membrane-bound human Fas ligand (mFasL) on porcine fetal fibroblasts is a valuable strategy to protect porcine xenografts. cDNA of mFasL carrying the deletion at the cleavage site with metalloproteinase and lacking the death domain in its cytoplasmic tail was subcloned into pCAGGS expression vector driven by the chicken β-actin promoter containing blastidin- resistance cassette. The mFasL expression vector was transfected into mini-pig fetal fibroblasts by lipofection method. Blastidin-resistant cells were screened by PCR and FISH. The expression of mFasL was confirmed by Western blot and FACS with the mouse anti-human FasL antibody. Interaction of two transgenic clonal cell lines with human leukocytes was analyzed using functional assay for cytotoxicity. mFasL expressed on porcine fetal fibroblasts protected porcine fetal fibroblasts against killing mediated by human NK cells. The rate of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity was significantly reduced in transgenic clonal cells (54±10.80%) compared to normal minipig fetal fibroblasts. This result indicated that grafts of transgenic pigs expressing mFasL could control the cellular immune response to xenografts, and create a window of opportunity to facilitate xenograft survival.