PURPOSES : This study prioritizes the potential technology for establishing an efficient traffic control in the ramp junction of urban deep underground tunnels in the future. We considered most of the applicable technologies that ensure traffic safety at the on-off ramp junction. METHODS : This study proposes a methodology to prioritize the applicable technology for establishing efficient traffic control in the ramp junction of an urban deep underground tunnel using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP). First, an AHP structure was developed. Second, an individual survey was conducted to collect the opinions of road and transportation experts. Based on the survey results, weights were estimated depending on the relevant criteria of the developed structure. The estimated weights were verified using the consistency index (CI) and consistency ratio (CR). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm the reliability of the estimated weights. Finally, the potential technology for an efficient traffic control in the ramp junction of an urban deep underground tunnel was prioritized. RESULTS : In the first level of hierarchy, traffic demand control had the highest priority, and ramp metering, section speed control, and shoulder lane control were selected in the second level of hierarchy. CONCLUSIONS : These results implied that prioritizing would be useful in establishing traffic operation strategies for traffic safety when constructing and opening deep underground tunnels in urban areas in the future.

A system has been developed to reduce fluctuation of the indoor temperature in a radiant floor heating system. The system we developed and implemented is called BoilerMan. With the BoilerMan system the hot water circulation pump is controlled by computer software which implements a unique strategy. To minimize the system development time a user-friendly development environment was used. This development environment was useful in the implementation and testing of the efficiency of our strategy. The environment also serves as an easy means for system maintenance. The BoilerMan went through a few test runs against a real apartment house and the result showed significant reductions in the initial temperature overshoots against the target values. It also reduced the operatingtime of the hot water circulation pump. Such positive results were possible due to our unique strategy that exploits heating efficiency information collected from the past run of the very same system. Since the strategy was implemented with embedded software, it makes the BoilerMan flexible, too.

A mathematical model is formulated to study the effect of wall mass on the thermal performance of four different houses of different construction. This analytical study was motivated by the experimental work of Burch et al. An analytical solution of one -dimensional, linear, partial differential equation for wall temperature profiles and room air temperatures is obtained using the Laplace transform method. Typical Meteorological Year data are processed to yield hourly average monthly values. These discrete data are then converted to a continuous, time dependent form using a Fast Fourier Transform method. This study is conducted using weather data from four different locations in the United States: Albuquerque, New mexico; Miami, Florida; Santa Maria, California; and Washington D.C. for both winter and summer conditions. A computer code is developed to calculate the wall temperature profile, room air temperature, and energy consumption loads. Three sets of results are calculated one for no auxiliary energy and two for different control mechanism -- an on-off controller and a proportional controller. Comparisons are made for the cases of two controllers. Heavy weight houses with insulation in mild weather areas (such as August in Santa Maria, California) show a high comfort level. Houses using proportional control experience a higher comfort level in comparison to houses using on-off control. The result shows that there is an effect of mass on the thermal performance of a heavily constructed house in mild weather conditions.

In this paper, the damping force of MRF(Magneto-Rheological Fluid) damper using Bingham-plastic model is studied and the performance of quarter car model using this damper is numerically analyzed. As a control algorithm, the sky-hook control is used for its convenience and effectiveness. The transmissibility of sprung mass and unspung mass is compared to that with the conventional passive damper and the feasibility of MRF damper is evaluated. And the design concept of fail-safe MRF damper is suggested to provide the damping force of conventional passive damper level in the case of controller malfunction. The control current and damping force is analyzed passing over the harmonic bumper.

본 논문에서는 지진하중을 받는 사장교에 납고무받침과 유압식 가력기를 결합한 복합제어 시스템을 적용하였다. 복합제어 시스템은 다중의 제어장치로 인해 제어성능의 향상을 기대할 수 있지만 추가적으로 사용되는 능동제어 장치로 인하여 전체 제어시스템의 강인성이 저하될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 복합제어 시스템의 강인성을 향상시키기 위해 기존의 LQG 알고리즘에 납고무받침의 응답에 따른 on-off 형태의 알고리즘을 결합하였다. 수치해석 결과 on-off 형태의 LQG 알고리즘을 사용한 복합제어 시스템은 납고무받침을 사용할 수동제어 시스템이나 유압식 가력기만을 사용한 능동제어 시스템과 비슷한 최대제어력이나 평균제어력을 사용하면서 제어성능이 향상되었으며, 기존의 성능에 초점을 둔 LQG 알고리즘만을 사용한 복합제어 시스템과 유사한 제어성능을 나타냈다. 또한 제안된 제어시스템은 구조물의 강성행렬에 교란이 있을 때 기존의 LQG 알고리즘만을 사용한 복합제어 시스템에 비해 강인성이 향상되었으며 교란된 시스템에 대해 불안정성을 보이지 않았다. 제안된 제어시스템은 설계지진뿐만 아니라 다른 입력지진에 대해서도 제어성능을 유지하였다. 따라서 On-Off 형태의 LQG 알고리즘을 사용한 복합제어 시스템은 불확실성이 많은 지진하중을 받는 사장교에 개선된 제어기법으로 제안될 수 있다.