본 논문은 CFD 해석법을 이용한 단일선체 및 이중선체 선박의 손상에 따른 기름 유출량 추정 결과를 소개한다. 수치해석 기법 으로 다상유동 해석법을 사용하고 기름 유출 유동에 대한 다양한 수치해석적 조건의 변화에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 좌초 또는 충돌에 의한 다양한 손상 조건에서의 기름 유출량의 변화를 해석하였으며 실험 결과를 통해 검증하였다. 본 논문의 수치해석 결과는 단일선체와 이중선체의 기하학적 특성을 따라 실험 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 특별히 물과 기름의 복잡한 상호작용이 나타나는 이중선체의 기름 유출 상황도 실험과 동일하게 타당하게 예측하였다. 본 연구를 통해 사고 선박의 기름 유출량 추정에 필요한 CFD기법을 정립할 수 있었다.

We map 6 massive young stellar objects (YSOs) in the CO J=2–1 line and survey 18 massive YSOs, including the six, in the HCO+ J=1−0, SiO J=2−1, H2O 616 − 523 maser, and CH3OH 70 − 61 A+ maser lines. We detect CO bipolar outflows in all the six mapped sources. Four of them are newly discovered (07299−1651, 21306+5540, 22308+5812, 23133+6050), while 05490+2658 is mapped in the CO J=2–1 line for the first time. The detected outflows are much more massive and energetic than outflows from low-mass YSOs with masses >20 M⊙ and momenta >300 M⊙ km s−1. They have mass outflow rates (3−6)×10−4 M⊙ yr−1, which are at least one order of magnitude greater than those observed in low-mass YSOs. We detect HCO+ and SiO line emission in 18 (100%) and 4 (22%) sources, respectively. The HCO+ spectra show high-velocity wings in 11 (61%) sources. We detect H2O maser emission in 13 (72%) sources and 44 GHz CH3OH maser emission in 8 (44%) sources. Of the detected sources, 5 H2O and 6 CH3OH maser sources are new discoveries. 20081+3122 shows high-velocity (>30 km s−1) H2O maser lines. We find good correlations of the bolometric luminosity of the central (proto)star with the mechanical force, mechanical luminosity, and mass outflow rate of molecular outflow in the bolometric luminosity range of 10−1−106 L⊙, and identified 3 intermediate- or high-mass counterparts of Class O objects.

Starburst galaxies have strong star formation activity and generate large scale out ows which eject a huge amount of gas mass. This process affects galaxy activity, and therefore, the detailed study of nearby starburst galaxies could provide valuable information for the study of distant ones. So far there have been only a few studies of galactic-scale molecular out ows due to the sensitivity limitation of telescopes. Our study provides two nearby examples, NGC 2146 and NGC 3628. We used Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA) CO(1-0) data, Chandra soft X-ray data, and NMA 3 mm data to study the kinematics of molecular outflows, their interaction with ionized outflows, and the star forming activity in the starburst region. We found that the gas ejected through molecular outflows is much more significant than that used to form stars.

We present observational results characterizing molecular out ows from very low-mass objects in ρ Ophiuchi and Taurus. Our results provide us with important implications that clarify the formation process of very low-mass objects.