아일랜드의 저명한 노벨상 수상자인 셰이머스 히니는 적절한 시적 표현을 위해 종종 신화적인 작품들에 의존한다. 신화의 장르를 사용하기 위해, 히니는 과거를 재창조하거나 재고함으로써 과거를 이상화한다. 히니가 사용한 신화인물들 중에서, 안테우스는 히니의 끝없는 정신적 투쟁과 북아일랜드의 고난기에 겪었던 혼란을 독자들에게 끊임없이 상기시킨다. ｢안테우스｣와 ｢헤라클레스와 안테우스｣는 1975년 저서인 󰡔북쪽󰡕에서 히니가 겪었던 불안정, 불안, 트라우마, 우유부단함을 표현하려는 한 시도라 할 수 있다. 안테우스는 히니가 처한 상황에 대응하여, 자신의 환생에 대한 의문을 드러내고 자신의 딜레마를 보여줄 수 있는 대변자로 기능한다. 신화적 재현을 통해 히니는 의심할 여지없이 사회 정치적 정지 상태가 가져온 단절과 외세의 강요에 직면한 자신의 갈등을 재현한다.

French-born Saint Orland (1947 –) showed the performance of getting cosmetic surgery on her face broadcast live via satelliteto the audience in various regions including Pompidou Center in Paris, and also the scene of herself bleeding on the operating table as a picture. Not only art books but also People’s Magazine deal with such operating scenes importantly but the general public showed the suspicion of how the works of art could come to such a state. Actually, the meaning of Orland’s surgery performance was overshadowed by the medical operation named cosmetic surgery compared with the popular awareness. Orland’s surgery performance is part of the project called The Reincarnation of Saint Orland thatactually began on her 43rd birthday in 1990 and was performed nine times until 1993. Despite the fact that it is one of her various performances using her body and a kind of method, I wonder why The Reincarnation of Saint Orland is perceived andrepresented as a mere medical technique of modern society called "cosmetic surgery." The reasons can be thought of from two points of view. First, it is because of the influence that "cosmetic surgery"exerts on the mass society. Due to the cosmetic surgery, she drew the public’s attention such as her stories being published not only in art books but also in People’s Magazine. The Reincarnation of Saint Orland can be said to be represented by the word "cosmetic surgery" in that she has taken the approach of cosmetic surgery that exerts an enormousinfluence on the mass society. Second, it is perceived as cosmetic surgery for a negative reason. Orland tried to make her own face by borrowing the faces of the women idealized in the famous works of art in art history. So the art world including feminism artists criticized Orland that she tried to become more beautiful by the standards of beauty defined by the male-dominated society. If so, isn’t there other art historical meanings, getting rid of the feministic meaning, in <The Reincarnation of Saint Orland>? It is considered that clue can be found in Orland’s words that have made the feministic art world criticize Orland incalculably. "My works of art do not resist cosmetic surgery. My works of art challenges the standards of beauty imposed on the woman’s body and challenges the dominant ideology." What she mentioned like this tries to make people recognize that she is not to become a symbol of submission herself, but the art world focuses its criticism on what she tries to challenge by complying with the standards of beauty defined by men. This thesis explains that coming to modern art beyond those criticisms of her, Orland actually understood the entire Western art history by accepting it as the history of human body, and focuses on her trying to present a new concept by her own body. She absorbs the past and modern art by her own body and disfigures it and tried to create new art, i.e. carnal art. Carnal art shows the freedom from sufferings imposed on human body and due to this, it tries to give birth to self separated from one’s own body This is considered the art historical concept with regard to The Reincarnation of Saint Orland, in which the aesthetics of body shown by Orland has been regarded as mere surgeries to become beautiful, no more, no less.

s is well known, T. S. Eliot converted to Anglo-Catholicism from Unitarianism. But he had kept a strong interest in Buddhism throughout his life and Buddhism had left a deep impression on his poetry. The poem “East Coker” was first published in 1940, long after his conversion to Anglo-Catholicism. It contains lots of Buddhist thoughts. The poem begins with a citation from Mary Stuart that “in my beginning is my end” and ends with a sentence, “in my end is my beginning.” These two sentences surely show the concept of reincarnation of Buddhism. Though the phenomenal world is vain and the entity is deep in our minds, human beings don’t understand it.Human beings repeat their phenomenal lives and cannot break up the chain of reincarnation. This poem presents two ways of breaking the chain of metempsychosis: one is to abandon the phenomenal world through practice and the other is to take the middle way of Buddhism. The former is the same as the way St. John of the Cross presented. And the latter is what Nagarjuna Boddhisatva proposed. When we break up the chain of reincarnation, the reality will be a rose garden, that is, in Buddhist term, paradise. We ought to exert a great effort to get to the state. One of the successful efforts is to become humble. Humility is emphasized in Christianity and Buddhism. Humility makes us go into the way of darkness, and that is not different from Buddhist’s way of abandoning selfhood.