Smartphone camera quality has been progressing alongside the advancement of the smartphone market. Consequently, there has sparked interest in macro photography of insects using smartphones either through using built-in "macro mode" or accessories like macro lenses, mounts, and auxiliary lighting. However, some limitations have become apparent, including challenges in capturing small insects, a short focal distance of no more than 10 cm, a narrow focus range, and lower image quality compared to dedicated cameras. We introduce an effective knowhow to these problems when taking pictures of insects in the field using a smartphone. And it provides a manual for tele-macro photography in the field, and suggestions for the future direction of smartphone and accessory development.

We extend the results of Yu et al. (2015b) of the novel sharpness angle measurement to a large number of spectra obtained from the Fermi gamma-ray burst monitor. The sharpness angle is compared to the values obtained from various representative emission models: blackbody, single-electron synchrotron, synchrotron emission from a Maxwellian or power-law electron distribution. It is found that more than 91% of the high temporally and spectrally resolved spectra are inconsistent with any kind of optically thin synchrotron emission model alone. It is also found that the limiting case, a single temperature Maxwellian synchrotron function, can only contribute up to 58+23 -18% of the peak flux. These results show that even the sharpest but non-realistic case, the single-electron synchrotron function, cannot explain a large fraction of the observed spectra. Since any combination of physically possible synchrotron spectra added together will always further broaden the spectrum, emission mechanisms other than optically thin synchrotron radiation are likely required in a full explanation of the spectral peaks or breaks of the GRB prompt emission phase.