LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ and alamarBlue® are fluorescent materials used for the enumeration of live and dead bacteria. LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ is generally used for confocal microscopy applications to differentiate live from dead bacteria in a biofilm or planktonic state. AlamarBlue® has also been used widely to assay live and dead bacteria in a planktonic state. Whilst these materials are successfully utilized in experiments to discriminate live from dead bacteria for several species of bacteria, the application of these techniques to oral bacteria is limited to the use of LIVE/ DEAD® BacLight™ in biofilm studies. In our present study, we assessed whether these two methods could enumerate live and dead oral bacterial species in a planktonic state. We tested the reagents on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis and found that only LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ could differentiate live from dead cells for all five of these oral strains. AlamarBlue® was not effective in this regard for P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, the differentiation of live and dead bacterial cells by alamarBlue® could not be performed for concentrations lower than 2 × 106 cells/ml. Our data thus indicate that LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ is a more effective reagent for this analysis.

In recent years, the government is trying to regulate the web board games - poker, gostop etc. with the amendment of the executive order regarding the game law. The main regulation of this order is to regulate the maximum amount of betting the game as a ten thousand won per game and a hundred thousand won a day. if these are not obeyed, the gamer and game company will be punished. Therefore, these regulations need to be reviewed in terms of legal issues with a strict examination. However the regulation on the limits of betting in a game seems not to be justified with the constitutional standards - the principle of apparentness (definitude), the principle banning excessive enforcement when restricting the basic rights of people - in this case, the general human rights and liberties to act of gamers and the freedom of profession and speech of game operators(company). It is also questioned that it might infringe the essense of the legal institution of game and rights, and cause the paradox of excessive regulation.